{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T14:56:05Z","timestamp":1784991365058,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1226355659000},"page":"955-960","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Electrophysiology of motor pathways for sphincter control in multiple sclerosis."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"S E","family":"Mathers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Swash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5445.1265","article-title":"Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Miller, H.; Simpson, C.A.; Yeates, W.K.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Miller H, Simpson CA, Yeates WK. Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 1965;1:1265.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520170034018","article-title":"Parity as a factor in incontinence in multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Swash, M.; Snooks, S.J.; Chalmers, D.H.K.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Swash M, Snooks SJ, Chalmers DHK. Parity as a factor in incontinence in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1987; 44:504-8.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554940","article-title":"Radiopaque markers transit and anal manometry in 16 patients with multiple sclerosis and urinary bladder dysfunction","volume":"30","author":"Weber, J.; Grise, P.; Roquebert, M.; Hellot, M.F.; Mihout, B.; Samson, M.; Beuret-Blanquart, F.; Pasquis, P.; Denis, P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weber J, Grise P, Roquebert M, Hellot MF, Mihout B, Samson M, Beuret-Blanquart F, Pasquis P, Denis P. Radiopaque markers transit and anal manometry in 16 patients with multiple sclerosis and urinary bladder dysfunction. Dis Col Rect 1987;30:95-100.","journal-title":"Dis Col Rect"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80066-8","article-title":"Colonic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Glick, M.E.; Meshkinpour, H.; Haldeman, S.; Bhatia, N.N.; Bradley, W.E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Glick ME, Meshkinpour H, Haldeman S, Bhatia NN, Bradley WE. Colonic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1982;83:1002-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.14.4.262","article-title":"The centripetal pathway from the bladder and urethra within the spinal cord","volume":"14","author":"Nathan, P.W.; Smith, M.C.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Nathan PW, Smith MC. The centripetal pathway from the bladder and urethra within the spinal cord. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1951;14:262-80.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.16.4.245","article-title":"Spinal pathways subserving defaecation and sensation from the lower bowel","volume":"16","author":"Nathan, P.W.; Smith, M.C.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Nathan PW, Smith MC. Spinal pathways subserving defaecation and sensation from the lower bowel. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1953;16:245-56.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.21.3.177","article-title":"The centrifugal pathways for micturition within the spinal cord","volume":"21","author":"Nathan, P.W.; Smith, M.C.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Nathan PW, Smith MC. The centrifugal pathways for micturition within the spinal cord. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1958;21:177-89.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)91285-8","article-title":"Onuf's nucleus of the sacral cord in a South American monkey (Saimiri): its location and bilateral cortical input from area 4","volume":"191","author":"Nakagawa, S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Nakagawa S. Onuf's nucleus of the sacral cord in a South American monkey (Saimiri): its location and bilateral cortical input from area 4. Brain Research 1980;191: 337-44.","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_9","first-page":"387","article-title":"Onuf (Onufrowicz) B. On the arrangement and function of the cell groups in the sacral region ofthe spinal cord","volume":"1900","unstructured":"Onuf (Onufrowicz) B. On the arrangement and function of the cell groups in the sacral region ofthe spinal cord. Arch Neurol Psychopathol 1900;3:387-41 1.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychopathol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.11.1135","article-title":"Motor conduction velocity in the human spinal cord: slowed conduction in multiple sclerosis and radiation myelopathy","volume":"48","author":"Snooks, S.J.; Swash, M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Snooks SJ, Swash M. Motor conduction velocity in the human spinal cord: slowed conduction in multiple sclerosis and radiation myelopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:1135-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.7.808","article-title":"Slowed motor conduction in lumbosacral nerve roots in cauda equina lesions: a new diagnostic technique","volume":"49","author":"Swash, M.; Snooks, S.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Swash M, Snooks SJ. Slowed motor conduction in lumbosacral nerve roots in cauda equina lesions: a new diagnostic technique. JNeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49:808-16.","journal-title":"JNeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800710817","article-title":"Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence","volume":"71","author":"Kiff, E.S.; Swash, M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kiff ES, Swash M. Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1984;71:614-16.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.4.343","article-title":"Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter muscle in anorectal incontinence: a single fibre EMG study","volume":"43","author":"Neill, M.E.; Swash, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Neill ME, Swash M. Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter muscle in anorectal incontinence: a single fibre EMG study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;43:343-7.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.6.637","article-title":"Individual motor unit analysis in the diagnosis of disorders of urethral innervation","volume":"47","author":"Fowler, C.J.; Kirby, R.S.; Harrison, M.J.G.; Milroy, E.J.G.; Turner-Warwick, R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fowler CJ, Kirby RS, Harrison MJG, Milroy EJG, Turner-Warwick R. Individual motor unit analysis in the diagnosis of disorders of urethral innervation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:637-41.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"225","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: a re-appraisal","author":"McAlpine, D.; Lumsden, C.E.; Acheson, E.D.","year":"1972","unstructured":"McAlpine D, Lumsden CE, Acheson ED. Multiple Sclerosis: a re-appraisal. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1972:225."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800680804","article-title":"Physiological studies of the pelvic floor in idiopathic faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse","volume":"68","author":"Neill, M.E.; Parks, A.G.; Swash, M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Neill ME, Parks AG, Swash M. Physiological studies of the pelvic floor in idiopathic faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Br J Surg 1981;68:531-6.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"355","article-title":"Investigation ofdisorders ofthe anorectum and colon","volume":"67","author":"Henry, M.M.; Snooks, S.J.; Barnes, P.R.H.; Swash, M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Henry MM, Snooks SJ, Barnes PRH, Swash M. Investigation ofdisorders ofthe anorectum and colon. Ann Roy Coll Surg Eng 1985;67:355-60.","journal-title":"Ann Roy Coll Surg Eng"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp005024","article-title":"Electromyography of the sphincter ani externus in man","volume":"122","author":"Floyd, W.F.; Walls, E.W.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Floyd WF, Walls EW. Electromyography of the sphincter ani externus in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1953;122:599-609.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"72","article-title":"Evacuation proctography: an investigation of rectal expulsion in 20 subjects without defaecatory disturbance","volume":"13","author":"Bartram, C.I.; Turnbull, G.K.; Lennard-Jones, J.E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bartram CI, Turnbull GK, Lennard-Jones JE. Evacuation proctography: an investigation of rectal expulsion in 20 subjects without defaecatory disturbance. Gastrointest Radiol 1987;13:72-80.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Radiol"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"304","article-title":"Abnormalities in central motor pathway conduction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"ii:","author":"Cowan, J.M.A.; Rothwell, J.C.; Dick, J.P.R.; Thompson, P.D.; Day, B.L.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cowan JMA, Rothwell JC, Dick JPR, Thompson PD, Day BL, Marsden CD. Abnormalities in central motor pathway conduction in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1984;ii: 304-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180514","article-title":"Corticospinal tract conduction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Mills, K.R.; Murray, M.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mills KR, Murray MF. Corticospinal tract conduction in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1985;18:601-5.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.4.487","article-title":"Central motor conduction in multiple sclerosis: evaluation of abnormalities revealed by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the brain","volume":"51","author":"Ingram, D.A.; Thompson, A.; Swash, M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ingram DA, Thompson A, Swash M. Central motor conduction in multiple sclerosis: evaluation of abnormalities revealed by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the brain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:487-94.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.2.174","article-title":"Percutaneous electrical stimulation of lumbosacral roots in man","volume":"51","author":"de Noordhout A, Maertens; JC, Rothwell; PD, Thompson; BL, Day; CD, Marsden","year":"1988","unstructured":"Maertens de Noordhout A, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, Day BL, Marsden CD. Percutaneous electrical stimulation of lumbosacral roots in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:174-81.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54147-6","article-title":"The neurophysiology of micturition: a clinical study of 550 patients","volume":"127","author":"Blaivas, J.G.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Blaivas JG. The neurophysiology of micturition: a clinical study of 550 patients. J Urol 1982;127:958-63.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800750713","article-title":"Lateral division of the puborectalis muscle in the management of severe constipation","volume":"75","author":"Kamm, M.A.; Hawley, P.R.; Lennard-Jones, J.E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kamm MA, Hawley PR, Lennard-Jones JE. Lateral division of the puborectalis muscle in the management of severe constipation. Br J Surg 1988;75:661-3.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1984.tb07783.x","article-title":"The conus demyelination syndrome in multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Taylor, M.C.; Bradley, W.E.; Bhatia, N.; Glick, M.; Haldeman, S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Taylor MC, Bradley WE, Bhatia N, Glick M, Haldeman S. The conus demyelination syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1984;69:80-9.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721312","article-title":"Results of postanal repair: a retrospective study","volume":"(Suppl):","author":"Henry, M.M.; Simson, J.N.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Henry MM, Simson JNL. Results of postanal repair: a retrospective study. Br J Surg 1985;72 (Suppl):S17-19.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.5.1323","article-title":"Supraspinal control of motoneurons innervating the striated muscles of the pelvic floor including urethral and anal sphincters in the cat","volume":"110","author":"Holstege, G.; Tan, J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Holstege G, Tan J. Supraspinal control of motoneurons innervating the striated muscles of the pelvic floor including urethral and anal sphincters in the cat. Brain 1987;110:1323-44.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.15.7.654","article-title":"Further notes on disability evaluation in multiple sclerosis, with scale modifications","volume":"15","author":"Kurtzke, J.F.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kurtzke JF. Further notes on disability evaluation in multiple sclerosis, with scale modifications. Neurology 1965;15:654-61.","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.955","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T04:29:52Z","timestamp":1601094592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.955","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]]}}}