{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:41:58Z","timestamp":1770284518100,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.2.124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1226355659000},"page":"124-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Physiological analysis of simple rapid movements in patients with cerebellar deficits."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Hallett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C D","family":"Marsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"issue":"62","key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cerebellum of man","volume":"1939","author":"Holmes, G.","unstructured":"Holmes G. The cerebellum of man. Brain 1939;62:1-30.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290561","article-title":"Motor functions of cerebellum and basal ganglia: The cerebellocortical saccadic (ballistic) click, the cerebellonuclear hold regulator, and the basal ganglia ramp (voluntary speed smooth movement) generator","volume":"8","author":"Kornhuber, H.H.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kornhuber HH. Motor functions of cerebellum and basal ganglia: The cerebellocortical saccadic (ballistic) click, the cerebellonuclear hold regulator, and the basal ganglia ramp (voluntary speed smooth movement) generator. Kybernetik 1971;8:157-62.","journal-title":"Kybernetik"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"157","article-title":"Cerebellar function in the control of movement","volume-title":"Physiological aspects of clinical neurology","author":"Eccles, J.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Eccles J. Cerebellar function in the control of movement. In: Rose FC, ed. Physiological aspects of clinical neurology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1977:157-78."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Disorders of the Cerebellum","author":"Gilman, S.; Bloedel, JR, Lechtenberg; R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gilman S, Bloedel JR, Lechtenberg R. Disorders of the Cerebellum. Philadelphia: F A Davis, 1981."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_5","first-page":"154","article-title":"EMG analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements in man","volume":"38","author":"Hallett, M.; Shahani, B.T.; Young, R.R.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hallett M, Shahani BT, Young RR. EMG analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38:1 154-62.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between speed and amplitude of the fastest voluntary contractions of human arm muscles","volume":"31","author":"Freund, H.-J.; Budigen, H.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Freund H-J, Budigen HJ. The relationship between speed and amplitude of the fastest voluntary contractions of human arm muscles. Exp Brain Res 1978;31:1-12.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012913","article-title":"Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb","volume":"294","author":"Hallett, M.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hallett M, Marsden CD. Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb. J Physiol (Lond) 1979;294:33-50.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90879-5","article-title":"Duration of the first agonist EMG burst in ballistic arm movements","volume":"304","author":"Berardelli, A.; Rothwell, J.C.; Day, B.L.; Kachi, T.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Kachi T, Marsden CD. Duration of the first agonist EMG burst in ballistic arm movements. Brain Res 1984;304:183-7.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"523","article-title":"Initial agonist burst duration depends on movement amplitude","volume":"55","author":"Brown, S.H.; Cooke, J.D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brown SH, Cooke JD. Initial agonist burst duration depends on movement amplitude. Exp Brain Res 1984;55:523-7.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.12.1163","article-title":"EMG analysis of patients with cerebellar deficits","volume":"38","author":"Hallett, M.; Shahani, B.T.; Young, R.R.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hallett M, Shahani BT, Young RR. EMG analysis of patients with cerebellar deficits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38:1163-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"179","article-title":"Disorders ofmovement in cerebellar disease in man","volume-title":"Physiological aspects of clinical neurology","author":"Marsden, C.D.; Merton, P.A.; Morton, H.B.; Hallett, M.; Adam, J.; Rushton, D.N.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Marsden CD, Merton PA, Morton HB, Hallett M, Adam J, Rushton DN. Disorders ofmovement in cerebellar disease in man. In: Rose FC, ed. Physiological aspects of clinical neurology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1977:179-99."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"251","article-title":"Cerebellar functions in motor control","volume":"2","author":"Brooks, V.B.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brooks VB. Cerebellar functions in motor control. Hum Neurobiol 1984;2:251-60.","journal-title":"Hum Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90059-1","article-title":"Effects of dentate cooling on precentral unit activity following torque pulse injections into elbow movements","volume":"94","author":"Meyer-Lohmann, J.; Conrad, B.; Matsunami, K.; Brooks, V.B.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Meyer-Lohmann J, Conrad B, Matsunami K, Brooks VB. Effects of dentate cooling on precentral unit activity following torque pulse injections into elbow movements. Brain Res 1975;94:237-51.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1986.55.6.1221","article-title":"Movement and electromyographic disorders associated with cerebellar dysmetria","volume":"55","author":"Flament, D.; Hore, J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Flament D, Hore J. Movement and electromyographic disorders associated with cerebellar dysmetria. J Neurophysiol 1986;55:1221-33.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1974.37.4.792","article-title":"Effects of dentate cooling on rapid alternating arm movements","volume":"37","author":"Conrad, B.; Brooks, V.B.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Conrad B, Brooks VB. Effects of dentate cooling on rapid alternating arm movements. J Neurophysiol 1974;37: 792-804.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1977.40.5.1038","article-title":"Cerebellar participation in generation of prompt arm movements","volume":"40","author":"Meyer-Lohmann, J.; Hore, J.; Brooks, V.B.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Meyer-Lohmann J, Hore J, Brooks VB. Cerebellar participation in generation of prompt arm movements. J Neurophysiol 1977;40:1038-50.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1973.36.6.974","article-title":"Effects of cooling dentate nucleus on tracking-task performance in monkeys","volume":"36","author":"Brooks, V.B.; Kozlovskaya, I.B.; Atkin, A.; Horvath, F.E.; Uno, M.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Brooks VB, Kozlovskaya IB, Atkin A, Horvath FE, Uno M. Effects of cooling dentate nucleus on tracking-task performance in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 1973;36:974-95.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"447","article-title":"Responses of primate denate neurons to different trajectories of the limb","volume":"23","author":"Robertson, L.T.; Grimm, R.J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Robertson LT, Grimm RJ. Responses of primate denate neurons to different trajectories of the limb. Exp Brain Res 1975;23:447-62.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.3.654","article-title":"Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum","volume":"41","author":"Thach, W.T.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Thach WT. Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 1978;41:654-76.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90447-4","article-title":"Interpositus neuron discharge in relation to a voluntary movement","volume":"121","author":"Burton, J.E.; Onoda, N.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Burton JE, Onoda N. Interpositus neuron discharge in relation to a voluntary movement. Brain Res 1977; 121:167-72.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.42.3.232","article-title":"Ballistic elbow flexion movements in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Hallett, M.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hallett M. Ballistic elbow flexion movements in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979;42:232-7.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870030204","article-title":"The first agonist and antagonist burst in patients with upper motor neurone syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Fagioli, S.; Berardelli, A.; Hallett, M.; Accornero, N.; Manfredi, M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fagioli S, Berardelli A, Hallett M, Accornero N, Manfredi M. The first agonist and antagonist burst in patients with upper motor neurone syndrome. Movement Disorders 1988;3:126-32.","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.8.745","article-title":"Attempted rapid elbow flexion movements in patients with athetosis","volume":"46","author":"Hallett, M.; Alvarez, N.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hallett M, Alvarez N. Attempted rapid elbow flexion movements in patients with athetosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983;46:745-50.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.2.223","article-title":"The coexistence of bradykinesia and chorea in Huntington's disease and its implications for theories of basal ganglia control of movement","volume":"111","author":"Thompson, P.D.; Berardelli, A.; Rothwell, J.C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thompson PD, Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, et al. The coexistence of bradykinesia and chorea in Huntington's disease and its implications for theories of basal ganglia control of movement. Brain 1988;111:223-44.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.9.1043","article-title":"Rapid elbow movements in patients with torsion dystonia","volume":"52","author":"der Kamp W, Van; A, Berardelli; JC, Rothwell; PD, Thompson; BL, Day; CD, Marsden","year":"1989","unstructured":"Van der Kamp W, Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, Day BL, Marsden CD. Rapid elbow movements in patients with torsion dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52: 1043-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.2.301","article-title":"A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia","volume":"103","author":"Hallett, M.; Khoshbin, S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hallett M, Khoshbin S. A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia. Brain 1980;103:301-14.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.11.1273","article-title":"Scaling of the size of the first agonist EMG burst during rapid wrist movements in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"49","author":"Berardelli, A.; Dick, J.P.R.; Rothwell, J.C.; Day, B.L.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Berardelli A, Dick JPR, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD. Scaling of the size of the first agonist EMG burst during rapid wrist movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49:1273-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.54.2.124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T02:36:01Z","timestamp":1601087761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.54.2.124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,2,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.54.2.124","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,2,1]]}}}