{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:40:14Z","timestamp":1789868414728,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.11.1184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1226355659000},"page":"1184-1190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Transient epileptic amnesia--a clinical update and a reformulation."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Kapur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(86)90054-0","article-title":"Amnesia can facilitate memory performance: evidence from a patient with dissociated retrograde amnesia","volume":"24","author":"Kapur, N.; Heath, P.; Meudell, P.; Kennedy, P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kapur N, Heath P, Meudell P, Kennedy P. Amnesia can facilitate memory performance: evidence from a patient with dissociated retrograde amnesia. Neuropsychologia 1986;24:215-22.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(89)80053-X","article-title":"Focal retrograde amnesia: a long term clinical and neuropsychological follow-up","volume":"25","author":"Kapur, N.; Young, A.; Bateman, D.; Kennedy, P.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kapur N, Young A, Bateman D, Kennedy P. Focal retrograde amnesia: a long term clinical and neuropsychological follow-up. Cortex 1989;25:387-402.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"140","article-title":"Transient epileptic amnesia: a clinically distinct form of neurological memory disorder","volume-title":"global amnesia and related disorders","author":"Kapur, N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kapur N. Transient epileptic amnesia: a clinically distinct form of neurological memory disorder. In: Markowitsch H, ed. Transient global amnesia and related disorders. New York: Hogrefe and Huber, 1990:140-51."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Transient amnesia: clinical and neuropsychological aspects","author":"Hodges, JR","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hodges JR. Transient amnesia: clinical and neuropsychological aspects. London: W B Saunders, 1991."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.10.834","article-title":"Syndromes of transient amnesia: towards classification. A study of 153 cases","volume":"53","author":"Hodges, JR, Warlow; C.P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hodges JR, Warlow CP. Syndromes of transient amnesia: towards classification. A study of 153 cases. Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:834-43.","journal-title":"Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"Textbook of epilepsy","author":"Laidlaw, J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Laidlaw J, Richens A, Chadwick D (eds). Textbook of epilepsy. 4th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.3.749","article-title":"Pure amnestic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"115","author":"Palmini, A.L.; Gloor, P.; Jones-Gotman, M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Palmini AL, Gloor P, Jones-Gotman M. Pure amnestic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 1992;115: 749-69.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1968.tb05595.x","article-title":"Repeated episodes of transient global amnesia","volume":"44","author":"Lou, H.O.C.L.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lou HOCL. Repeated episodes of transient global amnesia. Acta Neurol Scand 1968;44:612-8.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313110","article-title":"Recurrent transient global amnesia in a case with cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis (Sneddon syndrome)","volume":"221","author":"Rumpl, E.; Rumpl, H.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rumpl E, Rumpl H. Recurrent transient global amnesia in a case with cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis (Sneddon syndrome). J Neurol 1979;221:127-31.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04050090092018","article-title":"Transient partial amnesia","volume":"40","author":"Damasio, A.R.; Graff-Radford, N.R.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Damasio AR, Graff-Radford NR. Transient partial amnesia. Arch Neurol 1983;40:656-7.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"629","article-title":"Transient global amnesia and epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Miller, J.W.; Yanagihara, T.; Peterson, R.C.; Klass, D.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Miller JW, Yanagihara T, Peterson RC, Klass DW. Transient global amnesia and epilepsy. Electroencephalographic distinction. Arch Neurol 1987;44: 629-33.","journal-title":"Electroencephalographic distinction. Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.5.769","article-title":"Transient global amnesia and meningioma","volume":"35","author":"Meador, K.J.; Adams, R.J.; Flanigin, H.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Meador KJ, Adams RJ, Flanigin HF. Transient global amnesia and meningioma. Neurology 1985;35:769-71.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transient global amnesia","volume":"40","author":"Fisher, C.M.; Adams, R.D.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Fisher CM, Adams RD. Transient global amnesia. Acta Neurol Scand 1964;Supp 40:1-83.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313302","article-title":"Transient global amnesia as an epileptic manifestation","volume":"225","author":"Deisenhammer, E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Deisenhammer E. Transient global amnesia as an epileptic manifestation. J Neurol 1981;225:289-92.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.1.88","article-title":"Transient global amnesia due to a glioma in the dominant hemisphere","volume":"30","author":"Shuping, J.; Toole, J.; Alexander, E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Shuping J, Toole J, Alexander E. Transient global amnesia due to a glioma in the dominant hemisphere. Neurology 1980;30:88-90.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510220003001","article-title":"Transient global amnesia","volume":"39","author":"Fisher, C.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fisher CM. Transient global amnesia. Arch Neurol 1982; 39:605-8.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1988.tb03772.x","article-title":"Epilepsy presenting as memory disturbances","volume":"29","author":"Gallassi, R.; Morreale, A.; Lorusso, S.; Pazzaglia, P.; Lugaresi, E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gallassi R, Morreale A, Lorusso S, Pazzaglia P, Lugaresi E. Epilepsy presenting as memory disturbances. Epilepsia 1988;29:624-9.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"58","article-title":"Transient global amnesia and epilepsy","volume-title":"global amnesia and related disorders","author":"Gallassi, R.; Morreale, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gallassi R, Morreale A. Transient global amnesia and epilepsy. In: Markowitsch H ed. Transient global amnesia and related disorders. New York: Hogrefe and Huber, 1990:58-65."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"639","article-title":"The aetiology of transient global amnesia. A case control study of 114 cases with prospective follow-up","volume":"113","author":"Hodges, JR, Warlow; C.P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hodges JR, Warlow CP. The aetiology of transient global amnesia. A case control study of 114 cases with prospective follow-up. Brain 1990;113:639-57.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.3.320","article-title":"A casecontrol study of transient global amnesia","volume":"52","author":"Guidotti, M.; Anzalone, N.; Morabito, A.; Landi, G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Guidotti M, Anzalone N, Morabito A, Landi G. A casecontrol study of transient global amnesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:320-3.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.261","article-title":"Transient global amnesia. A case control study","volume":"115","author":"Melo, T.P.; Ferro, J.M.; Ferro, H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Melo TP, Ferro JM, Ferro H. Transient global amnesia. A case control study. Brain 1992;115:261-70.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"357","article-title":"Ictal amnesia and fugue states","volume":"55","author":"Rowan, A.J.; Rosenbaum, D.H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rowan AJ, Rosenbaum DH. Ictal amnesia and fugue states. In: Smith D, Treiman D, Trimble M. eds. Advances in neurology, vol 55. New York: Raven Press, 1991:357-67.","journal-title":"Advances in neurology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05545.x","article-title":"Transient global amnesia as a postictal state from recurrent partial seizures","volume":"32","author":"Tassinari, C.A.; Ciarmatori, C.; Alesi, C.; Cardinaletti, L.; Savli, F.; Rubboli, G.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tassinari CA, Ciarmatori C, Alesi C, Cardinaletti L, Savli F, Rubboli G, et al. Transient global amnesia as a postictal state from recurrent partial seizures. Epilepsia 1991;32:882-5.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"177","article-title":"Absence status","volume":"13","author":"Andermann, F.; Robb, J.P.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Andermann F, Robb JP. Absence status. Epilepsia 1972;13: 177-87.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"112","article-title":"Atypical semiology in transient global amnesia","volume-title":"global amnesia and related disorders","author":"Laurent, B.; Trillet, M.; Croisile, B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Laurent B, Trillet M, Croisile B. Atypical semiology in transient global amnesia. In: Markowitsch H, ed. Transient global amnesia and related disorders. New York: Hogrefe and Huber, 1990:112-20."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(87)90031-3","article-title":"Interactions of epileptiform EEG discharges and cognition","volume":"1","author":"Binnie, C.D.; Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D.G.A.; Smith, A.M.; Wilkins, A.J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Binnie CD, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DGA, Smith AM, Wilkins AJ. Interactions of epileptiform EEG discharges and cognition. Epilepsy Res 1987;1:239-45.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effects of 'subclinical' seizure discharge","author":"Stores, G.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Stores G. Effects of 'subclinical' seizure discharge. In: Aldenkamp AP, et al, eds. Education and epilepsy. Lisse\/Berwyn: Swets and Zeitlinger, 1978: 14-21.","journal-title":"Education and epilepsy. Lisse\/Berwyn: Swets and Zeitlinger"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"217","article-title":"\"Subclinical\" epileptogenic activity","author":"Rugland, A.L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rugland AL. \"Subclinical\" epileptogenic activity. In: Sillanpaa M, et al, eds. Paediatric epilepsy. Petersfield, UK: Wrightson Biomedical, 1990:217-24."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"189","article-title":"On a particular variety of epilepsy ('intellectual aura'), one case with symptoms of organic brain disease","volume":"11","author":"Jackson, H.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jackson HJ. On a particular variety of epilepsy ('intellectual aura'), one case with symptoms of organic brain disease. Brain 1989;11:189-207.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5892.593","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of transient amnesia","volume":"4","author":"Croft, P.B.; Heathfield, K.W.G.; Swash, M.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Croft PB, Heathfield KWG, Swash M. Differential diagnosis of transient amnesia. BMJ 1973;4:593-6.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.6.872","article-title":"Amnesia in relation to fugue states: distinguishing a neurological from a psychogenic basis","volume":"159","author":"Kapur, N.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kapur N. Amnesia in relation to fugue states: distinguishing a neurological from a psychogenic basis. Br J Psychiatry 1991;159:872-7.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.5.1.3","article-title":"Impaired long-term retention despite normal verbal learning in patients with temporal lobe dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Martin, R.C.; Loring, D.W.; Meador, K.J.; Lee, G.P.; Thrash, N.; Arena, J.G.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Martin RC, Loring DW, Meador KJ, Lee GP, Thrash N, Arena JG. Impaired long-term retention despite normal verbal learning in patients with temporal lobe dysfunction. Neuropsychology 1991;5:3-12.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.1.161","article-title":"Neuropsychological functions in the follow-up of transient global amnesia","volume":"103","author":"Mazzucchi, A.; Moretti, G.; Caffarra, P.; Parma, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mazzucchi A, Moretti G, Caffarra P, Parma M. Neuropsychological functions in the follow-up of transient global amnesia. Brain 1980;103:161-78.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"904","article-title":"Persistent memory impairment following transient global amnesia. Jf Clin Exp Neuropsychol","volume":"12","author":"Hodges, JR, Oxbury; S.M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hodges JR, Oxbury SM. Persistent memory impairment following transient global amnesia. Jf Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1990;12:904-20."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01756.x","article-title":"Prolonged ictal amnesia with transient focal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"33","author":"Lee, B.I.; Lee, B.C.; Hwang, Y.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lee BI, Lee BC, Hwang YM, et al. Prolonged ictal amnesia with transient focal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Epilepsia 1992;33: 1042-6.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"73","article-title":"Focal retrograde amnesia: a neuropsychological and magnetic resonance study","volume":"115","author":"Kapur, N.; Ellison, D.; Smith, M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kapur N, Ellison D, Smith M, et al. Focal retrograde amnesia: a neuropsychological and magnetic resonance study. Brain 1992;115:73-85.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_37","article-title":"Retrograde amnesia after traumatic injury of the temporo-frontal cortex","author":"Markowitsch, H.; Calabrese, P.; Liess, J.; Haupts, M.; Durwen, H.F.; Gehlen, W.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Markowitsch H, Calabrese P, Liess J, Haupts M, Durwen HF, Gehlen W. Retrograde amnesia after traumatic injury of the temporo-frontal cortex. Y Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993 (in press).","journal-title":"Y Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.6.853","article-title":"Memory during subclinical hippocampal seizures","volume":"39","author":"Bridgman, P.A.; Malamut, B.L.; Sperling, M.R.; Saykin, A.J.; O'Connor, M.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bridgman PA, Malamut BL, Sperling MR, Saykin AJ, O'Connor MJ. Memory during subclinical hippocampal seizures. Neurology 1989;39:853-6.","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.56.11.1184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T02:42:35Z","timestamp":1601088155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.56.11.1184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,11,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.56.11.1184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,11,1]]}}}