{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:10:05Z","timestamp":1777554605623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.8.845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1226355659000},"page":"845-858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Management of raised intracranial pressure."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"J D","family":"Pickard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Czosnyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Management of head injuries. Philadelphia: F A Davies","author":"Jennett, B.; Teasdale, G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jennett B, Teasdale G. Management of head injuries. Philadelphia: F A Davies. 1981."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800790122","article-title":"Progress in the management of head injury","volume":"79","author":"Miller, J.D.; Jones, P.A.; Dearden, N.M.; Tocher, J.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller JD, Jones PA, Dearden NM, Tocher JL. Progress in the management of head injury. Br J Surg 1992; 79:60-64.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.629","article-title":"Steps towards cost-benefit analysis of regional neurosurgical care","volume":"301","author":"Pickard, J.D.; Bailey, S.; Sanderson, H.; Rees, M.; Garfield, J.S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pickard JD, Bailey S, Sanderson H, Rees M, Garfield JS. Steps towards cost-benefit analysis of regional neurosurgical care. BMJ 1990;301:629-35.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Problems of intracranial pressure in childhood. Clinics in developmental medicine 113\/114","author":"Minns, R.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Minns RA. Problems of intracranial pressure in childhood. Clinics in developmental medicine 113\/114. London: MacKeith Press, 1991:1-458."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/16.CN_suppl_1.436","article-title":"Increased intracranial pressure","volume":"16","author":"Langfitt, T.W.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Langfitt TW. Increased intracranial pressure. Clinical Neurosurgery 1969;16:436-71.","journal-title":"Clinical Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"7","article-title":"Normal and increased intracranial pressure","volume-title":"Northfield's surgery of the central nervous system","author":"Miller, J.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Miller JD. Normal and increased intracranial pressure. In: Miller JD, ed. Northfield's surgery of the central nervous system 2nd ed, London: Blackwell, 1987:7-57.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"119","article-title":"Measurement, analysis and the management of raised intracranial pressure","author":"Miller, J.D.; Dearden, N.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller JD, Dearden NM. Measurement, analysis and the management of raised intracranial pressure. In: Teasdale GM, Miller JD, eds. Current neurosurgery Edinburgh: Churchchill Livingstone, 1992:119-56."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.4.0498","article-title":"Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and aggressive treatment on mortality in severe head injury","volume":"56","author":"Saul, T.G.; Ducker, T.B.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Saul TG, Ducker TB. Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and aggressive treatment on mortality in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1982;56:498-503.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.52.5.0693","article-title":"The intracranial pressure in infants","volume":"52","author":"Welch, K.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Welch K. The intracranial pressure in infants. J Neurosurg 1980;52:693-9.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice","volume":"1960","author":"Lundberg, N.","unstructured":"Lundberg N. Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psych Neurol Scand 1960;36,Suppl 149:1-193.","journal-title":"Acta Psych Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.42.8.687","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial volume-pressure relationships","volume":"42","author":"Avezaat, C.J.J.; von Eijndhoven, J.H.M.; Wyper, D.J.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Avezaat CJJ, von Eijndhoven JHM, Wyper DJ. Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial volume-pressure relationships. 7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979;42:687-700.","journal-title":"7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"255","article-title":"Remarks on amplitude-pressure characteristic phenomenon","volume-title":"pressure VII","author":"Czosnyka, M.; Laniewski, P.; Batorski, L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Czosnyka M, Laniewski P, Batorski L, et al. Remarks on amplitude-pressure characteristic phenomenon. In: Hoff JT, Betz AL, eds. Intracranial pressure VII. Berlin: Springer Verlag 1989:255-9."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.2.0241","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. Relationship to intracranial hypertension","volume":"61","author":"Obrist, W.D.; Langfitt, T.W.; Jaggi, J.L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Obrist WD, Langfitt TW, Jaggi JL, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. Relationship to intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 1984;61:241-55.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"843","article-title":"Cerebral electrical activity influences the effects of etomidate on cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic coma","volume":"57","author":"Bingham, R.M.; Procaccio, F.; Prior, P.F.; Hinds, C.J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bingham RM, Procaccio F, Prior PF, Hinds CJ. Cerebral electrical activity influences the effects of etomidate on cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic coma. BritJAnaes 1985;57:843-8.","journal-title":"BritJAnaes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.3.0424","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow, vasoreactivity and oxygen consumption during barbiturate therapy in severe traumatic brain lesions","volume":"68","author":"Nordstrom, C.H.; Messeter, K.; Sundbarg, G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nordstrom CH, Messeter K, Sundbarg G, et al. Cerebral blood flow, vasoreactivity and oxygen consumption during barbiturate therapy in severe traumatic brain lesions. J Neurosurg 1988;68:424-3 1.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.60.2.0312","article-title":"Origins and evolution of plateau waves. Experimental observations and theoretical model","volume":"60","author":"Rosner, M.J.; Becker, D.P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosner MJ, Becker DP. Origins and evolution of plateau waves. Experimental observations and theoretical model. J Neurosurg 1984;60:312-24.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.3.0415","article-title":"The relationship of blood flow velocity fluctuations to intracranial pressure B waves","volume":"76","author":"Newell, D.W.; Aaslid, R.; Stooss, R.; Reulen, H.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Newell DW, Aaslid R, Stooss R, Reulen HJ. The relationship of blood flow velocity fluctuations to intracranial pressure B waves. J Neurosurg 1992;76:415-21.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.11.1504","article-title":"Transcranial pulsed Doppler ultrasound findings in brainstem death","volume":"50","author":"Kirkham, F.J.; Levin, S.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kirkham FJ, Levin SD, et al. Transcranial pulsed Doppler ultrasound findings in brainstem death. Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50: 1504-1513.","journal-title":"Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"195","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler study of intracranial circulatory arrest","volume-title":"J7 Neurosurg","volume":"71","author":"Hassler, W.; Steinmetz, H.; Pirschel, J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hassler W, Steinmetz H, Pirschel J. Transcranial Doppler study of intracranial circulatory arrest. J7 Neurosurg 1989;71:195-201."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.43.5.0523","article-title":"Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system","volume":"43","author":"Marmarou, A.; Shulman, K.; Larmorgese, J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Marmarou A, Shulman K, Larmorgese J. Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system. Jf Neurosurg 1975;43:523-34.","journal-title":"Jf Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.6.0883","article-title":"Contribution of CSF and vascular factors to elevation of ICP in severely head-injured patients","volume":"66","author":"Marmarou, A.; Maset, A.L.; Ward, J.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Marmarou A, Maset AL, Ward JD, et al. Contribution of CSF and vascular factors to elevation of ICP in severely head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1987; 66:883-90.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01809269","article-title":"CO2 cerebrovascular reactivity as a function of perfusion pressure-a modelling study","volume":"121","author":"Czosnyka, M.; Harris, N.G.; Pickard, J.D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Czosnyka M, Harris NG, Pickard JD. CO2 cerebrovascular reactivity as a function of perfusion pressure-a modelling study. Acta Neurochirurgica 1993;121: 159-65.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"131","article-title":"Manometrie intracranienne continue. interet de la methode et premiers resultats","volume":"84","author":"Guillaume, J.; Janny, P.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Guillaume J, Janny P. Manometrie intracranienne continue. interet de la methode et premiers resultats. Revue Neurologique 1951;84:131-42.","journal-title":"Revue Neurologique"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.20.6.534","article-title":"A simple constant-infusion manometric test for measurement of CSF absorption. I Rationale and method","volume":"20","author":"Katzman, R.; Hussey, F.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Katzman R, Hussey F. A simple constant-infusion manometric test for measurement of CSF absorption. I Rationale and method. Neurology 1970;20:534-44.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.1.65","article-title":"The predictive value of conductance to outflow of CSF in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"105","author":"Borgesen, S.E.; Gjerris, F.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borgesen SE, Gjerris F. The predictive value of conductance to outflow of CSF in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain 1982;105:65-86.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01669992","article-title":"A computer system for the identification of the cerebrospinal compensatory model","volume":"105","author":"Czosnyka, M.; Batorski, L.; Laniewski, P.; Maksymowicz, W.; Koszewski, W.; Zaworski, W.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Czosnyka M, Batorski L, Laniewski P, Maksymowicz W, Koszewski W, Zaworski W. A computer system for the identification of the cerebrospinal compensatory model. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1990;105:112-6.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Pressure waves in so-called low-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"2","author":"Symon, L.; Dorsch, N.W.C.; Stephens, R.J.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Symon L, Dorsch NWC, Stephens RJ. Pressure waves in so-called low-pressure hydrocephalus. Lancet 1972; 2:1291-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"498","article-title":"Intraventricular pressure waves-the best predictive test for shunting in normal pressure hydrocephalus","author":"GM, Pickard J.D.Teasdale; M, Matheson; DJ, Wyper","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pickard JD. Teasdale GM, Matheson M, Wyper DJ, et al. Intraventricular pressure waves-the best predictive test for shunting in normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Shulman K, et al, eds. Intracranial pressure IV. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1980:498-500."},{"key":"ref_29","article-title":"Continuous analysis of the intracranial pressure waveform as a method of autoregulatory reserve assessment. ICP VIII","author":"Laniewski, P.; Czosnyka, M.; Maksymowicz, W.","unstructured":"Laniewski P, Czosnyka M, Maksymowicz W. Continuous analysis of the intracranial pressure waveform as a method of autoregulatory reserve assessment. ICP VIII. Berlin: Springer Verlag (in press)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490220073011","article-title":"Induced changes in cerebrospinal fluid volume. Effects during continuous monitoring of ventricular fluid pressure","volume":"28","author":"Miller, J.D.; Garibi, J.; Pickard, J.D.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Miller JD, Garibi J, Pickard JD. Induced changes in cerebrospinal fluid volume. Effects during continuous monitoring of ventricular fluid pressure. Arch Neurol 1973;28:265-9.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.57.6.0769","article-title":"Non-invasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries","volume":"57","author":"Aaslid, R.; Markwalder, T.-M.; Nornes, H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Aaslid R, Markwalder T-M, Nornes H. Non-invasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. Jf Neurosurg 1982;57: 769-74.","journal-title":"Jf Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_32","article-title":"Transcranial doppler","author":"Newell, D.W.; Aaslid, R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Newell DW, Aaslid R. Transcranial doppler. New York: Raven Press, 1992."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_33","first-page":"455","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and Doppler flow velocity: different responses to three vasodilators. Jf Cereb Blood Flow Metab","volume":"11","author":"Martin, J.L.; Perry, S.; Pickard, J.D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Martin JL, Perry S, Pickard JD. Cerebral blood flow and Doppler flow velocity: different responses to three vasodilators. Jf Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:suppl 2:S455."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"55","article-title":"The effect of cerebral perfusion pressure upon changes in middle cerebral artery flow velocity and jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation after severe head injury","volume":"77","author":"Chan, K.H.; Miller, J.D.; Dearden, N.M.; Andrews, P.J.D.; Midgley, S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chan KH, Miller JD, Dearden NM, Andrews PJD, Midgley S. The effect of cerebral perfusion pressure upon changes in middle cerebral artery flow velocity and jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation after severe head injury. JfNeurosurg 1992;77:55-61.","journal-title":"JfNeurosurg"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"705","article-title":"Experimental aspects of cerebrospinal hemodynamics: the relationship between blood flow velocity waveform and cerebral autoregulation","volume":"31","author":"Nelson, R.J.; Czosnyka, M.; Pickard, J.D.; Maksymowicz, W.; Perry, S.; Martin, J.L.; Lovick, A.H.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nelson RJ, Czosnyka M, Pickard JD, Maksymowicz W, Perry S, Martin JL, Lovick AHJ. Experimental aspects of cerebrospinal hemodynamics: the relationship between blood flow velocity waveform and cerebral autoregulation. Neurosurgery 1992;31:705-10.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"697","article-title":"The significance of posttraumatic increase in cerebral blood flow velocity: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study","volume":"30","author":"Chan, K.H.; Dearden, N.M.; Miller, J.D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chan KH, Dearden NM, Miller JD. The significance of posttraumatic increase in cerebral blood flow velocity: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. Neurosurgery 1992;30:697-700.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(92)90111-Y","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler waveform differences in hyperemic and nonhyperemic patients after severe head injury","volume":"38","author":"Chan, K.H.; Dearden, N.M.; Miller, J.D.; Midgley, S.; Piper, I.R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chan KH, Dearden NM, Miller JD, Midgley S, Piper IR. Transcranial Doppler waveform differences in hyperemic and nonhyperemic patients after severe head injury. Surg Neurol 1992;38:433-6.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.9.787","article-title":"Intracranial blood flow velocity after head injury: relationship to severity of injury, time, neurological status and outcome","volume":"55","author":"Chan, K.H.; Miller, J.D.; Dearden, N.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chan KH, Miller JD, Dearden NM. Intracranial blood flow velocity after head injury: relationship to severity of injury, time, neurological status and outcome. Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:787-91.","journal-title":"Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1991.tb03258.x","article-title":"Cerebral vasoreactivity and the prediction of outcome in severe traumatic brain lesions","volume":"35","author":"Schalen, W.; Messeter, R.; Nordstrom, C.H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schalen W, Messeter R, Nordstrom CH. Cerebral vasoreactivity and the prediction of outcome in severe traumatic brain lesions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991;35:113-22.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.5.610","article-title":"Mean intracranial pressure monitoring by an audiological technique-a pilot study","volume":"52","author":"Reid, A.; Marchbanks, R.J.; Martin, R.; Pickard, J.D.; Bateman, N.; Brightwell, R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reid A, Marchbanks RJ, Martin R, Pickard JD, Bateman N, Brightwell R. Mean intracranial pressure monitoring by an audiological technique-a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:610-2.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","article-title":"Neurosurgical anaesthesia and intensive care","author":"Campkin, T.V.; Turner, J.M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Campkin TV, Turner JM. Neurosurgical anaesthesia and intensive care. 2nd ed. London: Butterworth, 1986.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.2.0222","article-title":"Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference as an estimate of cerebral blood flow in comatose patients","volume":"70","author":"Robertson, C.S.; Narayan, R.H.; Gokaslan, Z.L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Robertson CS, Narayan RH, Gokaslan ZL, et al. Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference as an estimate of cerebral blood flow in comatose patients. J Neurosurg 1989;70:222-30.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Quantification of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics in sick newborn infants by near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Wyatt, J.S.; Cope, M.; Delpy, D.T.; Wray, S.; Reynolds, E.O.R.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wyatt JS, Cope M, Delpy DT, Wray S, Reynolds EOR. Quantification of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics in sick newborn infants by near infrared spectroscopy. Lancet 1986;2:1063-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.3.291","article-title":"Severe head injuries in three countries","volume":"40","author":"Jennett, B.; Teasdale, G.; Galbraith, S.; Pickard, J.D.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jennett B, Teasdale G, Galbraith S, Pickard JD, et al. Severe head injuries in three countries. Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;40:291-8.","journal-title":"Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.3.0289","article-title":"Further experience in the management of severe head injury","volume":"54","author":"Miller, J.D.; Butterworth, J.F.; Gudeman, S.K.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miller JD, Butterworth JF, Gudeman SK, et al. Further experience in the management of severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1981;54:289-99.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.11.1288","article-title":"Head position, intracranial pressure and compliance","volume":"32","author":"Ropper, A.H.; O'Rourke, D.; Kennedy, S.K.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ropper AH, O'Rourke D, Kennedy SK. Head position, intracranial pressure and compliance. Neurology 1982; 32:1288-91.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"207-1","key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of head elevation on ICP, CPP and CBF in head injured patients","volume":"76","author":"Feldman, Z.; Kanter, M.J.; Robertson, C.S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Feldman Z, Kanter MJ, Robertson CS, et al. Effect of head elevation on ICP, CPP and CBF in head injured patients. J Neurosurg 1992;76:207-1 1.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_48","article-title":"Changes in cerebral hemodynamics with head elevated vs head flat","author":"Kanter, M.J.; Robertson, C.S.; Sheinberg, M.A.","unstructured":"Kanter MJ, Robertson CS, Sheinberg MA, et al. Changes in cerebral hemodynamics with head elevated vs head flat. In: Avezaat C, ed. Intracranial pressure VIII (In press)."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.11.1511","article-title":"Effect of fluid intake and hypertensive treatment on cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"20","author":"Hasan, D.; Vermeulen, M.; Wijdicks, E.F.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hasan D, Vermeulen M, Wijdicks EFM, et al. Effect of fluid intake and hypertensive treatment on cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Stroke 1989;20:1511-5.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199108000-00002","article-title":"Association of hypovolaemia after SAH with computer tomographic scan evidence of raised intracranial pressure","volume":"29","author":"Nelson, R.J.; Roberts, J.; Rubin, C.; Walker, V.; Ackery, D.M.; Pickard, J.D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nelson RJ, Roberts J, Rubin C, Walker V, Ackery DM, Pickard JD. Association of hypovolaemia after SAH with computer tomographic scan evidence of raised intracranial pressure. Neurosurgery 1991;29:178-82.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"59","article-title":"Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma","volume":"75","author":"Marmarou, A.; Anderson, R.L.; Ward, J.D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Marmarou A, Anderson RL, Ward JD, et al. Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma. JNeurosurg 1991;75:S59-66.","journal-title":"JNeurosurg"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73987-3_132","article-title":"Induced arterial hypertension in the treatment of high intracranial pressure","volume-title":"Intracranial pressure VII","author":"Muizelaar, J.P.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Muizelaar JP. Induced arterial hypertension in the treatment of high intracranial pressure. In: Hoff JT, Betz AL, ed. Intracranial pressure VII. Springer-Verlag, 1989:508-10."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.3.0423","article-title":"Intracranial complications of hypervolemic therapy in patients with delayed ischemic deficit attributed to vasospasm","volume":"78","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shimoda M, Oda S, Tsugane R, Sato 0. Intracranial complications of hypervolemic therapy in patients with delayed ischemic deficit attributed to vasospasm. J Neurosurg 1993;78:423-9.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.1.88","article-title":"Effects of hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside on the cerebral circulation before, and one week after, the subarachnoid injection of blood..7 Neurol","volume":"51","author":"Fitch, W.; Pickard, J.D.; Tamura, A.; Graham, D.I.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fitch W, Pickard JD, Tamura A, Graham DI. Effects of hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside on the cerebral circulation before, and one week after, the subarachnoid injection of blood..7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:88-93.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"938","article-title":"Hyponatraemia in intracranial disease: perhaps not the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). _7 Neurosurg","volume":"55","author":"Nelson, P.B.; Seif, S.M.; Maroon, J.C.; Robinson, A.G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nelson PB, Seif SM, Maroon JC, Robinson AG. Hyponatraemia in intracranial disease: perhaps not the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). _7 Neurosurg 1981;55:938-4 1."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"661","article-title":"The effects of hyponatraemia and subarachnoid haemorrhage on the cerebral vasomotor responses of the rabbit..7 Cereb Blood Flow Metab","volume":"11","author":"Nelson, R.J.; Perry, S.; Burns, A.C.R.; Roberts, J.; Pickard, J.D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nelson RJ, Perry S, Burns ACR, Roberts J, Pickard JD. The effects of hyponatraemia and subarachnoid haemorrhage on the cerebral vasomotor responses of the rabbit..7 Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:661-6."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"345","article-title":"Anoxic brain pathology and blood glucose","volume":"34","author":"Myers, R.E.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Myers RE. Anoxic brain pathology and blood glucose. Neurology 1976;34:345.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"29","article-title":"Blood glucose level and morphological brain damage following cerebral ischaemia","volume":"3","author":"Marie, C.; Bralet, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Marie C, Bralet J. Blood glucose level and morphological brain damage following cerebral ischaemia. Cerebrovascular and Brain Metab Reviews 1991;3:29-38.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular and Brain Metab Reviews"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp007018","article-title":"Effect of hypertonic urea on cerebrospinal fluid pressure and brain volume","volume":"164","author":"Reed, D.J.; Woodbury, D.M.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Reed DJ, Woodbury DM. Effect of hypertonic urea on cerebrospinal fluid pressure and brain volume. 7 Physiol (Lond) 1963;164:252-64.","journal-title":"7 Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1965.00470040061010","article-title":"Hypertonic urea-its effect on the distribution of water and electrolytes in normal and edematous brain tissue","volume":"13","author":"Pappius, H.M.; Dayes, L.A.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Pappius HM, Dayes LA. Hypertonic urea-its effect on the distribution of water and electrolytes in normal and edematous brain tissue. Arch Neurol 1965;13:395-402.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"869","article-title":"Changes in CSF pressure after mannitol in patients with and without elevated CSF pressure","volume":"69","author":"Ravassin, P.; Abou-Madi, M.; Archer, D.; Chiolero, R.; Freeman, J.; Trop, D.; de Tribolet, N.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ravassin P, Abou-Madi M, Archer D, Chiolero R, Freeman J, Trop D, de Tribolet N. Changes in CSF pressure after mannitol in patients with and without elevated CSF pressure. _7 Neurosurg 1988;69:869-76."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"272","article-title":"The response to multiple therapeutics in experimental vasogenic edema","author":"James, H.E.; Harbaugh, R.D.; Marshall, L.F.; Shapiro, H.M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"James HE, Harbaugh RD, Marshall LF, Shapiro HM. The response to multiple therapeutics in experimental vasogenic edema. In: Shulman K, Marmarou A, Miller JD, et al, eds. ICP IV. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. 1980; 272-6."},{"key":"ref_63","article-title":"Brain fluids and metabolism","author":"Rosenberg, G.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rosenberg GA. Brain fluids and metabolism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"401","article-title":"Effect of mannitol on intracranial pressure-volume status and cerebral haemodynamics in brain oedema","volume":"5","author":"Inao, S.; Kuchiwaki, H.; Wachi, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inao S, Kuchiwaki H, Wachi A, et al. Effect of mannitol on intracranial pressure-volume status and cerebral haemodynamics in brain oedema. Acta Neurochirurgica 1990;Suppl5l:401-3.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91908-8","article-title":"Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and change following mannitol and dexamethasone","volume":"1","author":"Bell, B.A.; Smith, M.A.; Kean, D.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bell BA, Smith MA, Kean DM, et al. Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and change following mannitol and dexamethasone. Lancet 1987;1:66-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_66","article-title":"Delayed cerebral accumulation of mannitol in vasogenic edema","author":"Kaufmann, A.M.; Cardoso, E.R.","unstructured":"Kaufmann AM, Cardoso ER. Delayed cerebral accumulation of mannitol in vasogenic edema. In: Avezaat C, ed. Intracranial pressure VIII. (In press)."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.55.4.0550","article-title":"The effects of mannitol on blood viscosity","volume":"55","author":"Burke, A.M.; Quest, D.O.; Chien, S.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Burke AM, Quest DO, Chien S, et al. The effects of mannitol on blood viscosity.. Neurosurg 1981;55: 550-3.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"274","article-title":"Effects of mannitol and steroid therapy in intracranial volume pressure relationships..7 Neurosurg","volume":"42","author":"Miller, J.D.; Leech, P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Miller JD, Leech P. Effects of mannitol and steroid therapy in intracranial volume pressure relationships..7 Neurosurg 1975;42:274-81."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"822","article-title":"Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilatation in response to blood viscosity changes","volume-title":"JNeurosurg","volume":"59","author":"Muizelaar, J.P.; Wei, E.P.; Kontos, H.A.; Becker, D.P.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Muizelaar JP, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Becker DP. Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilatation in response to blood viscosity changes. JNeurosurg 1983;59:822-8."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198708000-00002","article-title":"Effect of intravenous mannitol on cat pial arteries and veins during normal and elevated intracranial pressure","volume":"21","author":"Auer, L.M.; Haselsberger, K.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Auer LM, Haselsberger K. Effect of intravenous mannitol on cat pial arteries and veins during normal and elevated intracranial pressure. Neurosurgery 1987; 21:142-6.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"55","article-title":"Influence of haemocrit in the cerebral circulation","volume":"1","author":"Harrison, M.J.G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Harrison MJG. Influence of haemocrit in the cerebral circulation. Cerebrovascular and Brain Metab Reviews 1989;1:55-67.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular and Brain Metab Reviews"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.1.81","article-title":"Fundamental importance of arterial oxygen content in the regulation of cerebral blood flow in man","volume":"108","author":"Brown, M.M.; Wade, J.P.H.; Marshall, J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brown MM, Wade JPH, Marshall J. Fundamental importance of arterial oxygen content in the regulation of cerebral blood flow in man. Brain 1985;108:81-93.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_73","article-title":"The Physiology of the cerebral circulation","author":"Purves, M.J.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Purves MJ. The Physiology of the cerebral circulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"131","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain metabolism in comatose patients","volume":"38","author":"Bruce, D.A.; Langfitt, T.W.; Miller, J.D.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bruce DA, Langfitt TW, Miller JD, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain metabolism in comatose patients. _7 Neurosurg 1973;38: 131-44."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"461","article-title":"The effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow. An experimental study..7 Neurosurg","volume":"38","author":"Johnston, I.H.; Harper, A.M.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Johnston IH, Harper AM. The effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow. An experimental study..7 Neurosurg 1973;38:461-71."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in human head injury","volume":"63","author":"Mendelow, A.D.; Teasdale, G.M.; Russell, T.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mendelow AD, Teasdale GM, Russell T, et al. Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in human head injury. _7 Neurosurg 1985; 63:43-8."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"754","article-title":"The effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow..7 Neurosurg","volume":"64","author":"Jafar, J.J.; Johns, L.M.; Mullan, S.F.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jafar JJ, Johns LM, Mullan SF. The effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow..7 Neurosurg 1986;64:754-9."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"700","article-title":"Effect of mannitol on ICP and CBF and correlation with pressure autoregulation in severely head-injured patients","volume":"61","author":"Muizelaar, J.P.; Lutz, H.A.; Becker, D.P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Muizelaar JP, Lutz HA, Becker DP. Effect of mannitol on ICP and CBF and correlation with pressure autoregulation in severely head-injured patients. _7 Neurosurg 1984;61:700-6."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"109","article-title":"Treatment of experimental focal cerebral ischaemia with mannitol. Assessment by intracellular pH, cortical blood flow and EEG","volume-title":"JTNeurosurg","volume":"66","author":"Meyer, F.B.; Anderson, R.E.; Sundt, T.M.; Yaksh, T.L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Meyer FB, Anderson RE, Sundt TM, Yaksh TL. Treatment of experimental focal cerebral ischaemia with mannitol. Assessment by intracellular pH, cortical blood flow and EEG. JTNeurosurg 1987;66:109-15."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"729","article-title":"The mechanism of the ICP reducing effect of mannitol","author":"Takagi, H.; Saito, T.; Kitahara, T.; Morii, S.M.; Ohwada, J.; Yada, K.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Takagi H, Saito T, Kitahara T, Morii SM, Ohwada J, Yada K. The mechanism of the ICP reducing effect of mannitol. In: Ishii S, Nagai H, Brock M, eds. ICP V. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983:729-33."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"820","article-title":"Comparison of mannitol regimes in patients with severe head injury undergoing ICP monitoring..7 Neurosurg","volume":"65","author":"Smith, H.P.; Kelly, D.L.; McWhorter, J.M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Smith HP, Kelly DL, McWhorter JM, et al. Comparison of mannitol regimes in patients with severe head injury undergoing ICP monitoring..7 Neurosurg 1986;65: 820-4."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.3.0440","article-title":"Effect on intracranial pressure of furosemide combined with varying doses and administration rates of mannitol","volume":"66","author":"Roberts, P.A.; Pollay, M.; Engles, C.; Pendleton, B.; Reynolds, E.; Stevens, F.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Roberts PA, Pollay M, Engles C, Pendleton B, Reynolds E, Stevens FA. Effect on intracranial pressure of furosemide combined with varying doses and administration rates of mannitol.. Neurosurg 1987;66:440-6.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_83","article-title":"A comparison study between mannitol and glycerol therapy in reducing ICP","author":"Smedema, R.J.; Gaab, M.R.; Heissler, H.E.","unstructured":"Smedema RJ, Gaab MR, Heissler HE. A comparison study between mannitol and glycerol therapy in reducing ICP. In: Avezaat, ed. Intracranial pressure VIII. (In press)."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.69.6.0923","article-title":"Pial arteriolar vessel diameter and CO2 reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in the rabbit","volume":"69","author":"Muizelaar, J.P.; van der Poel, H.G.; Li, Z.; Kontos, H.A.; Levasseur, J.E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Muizelaar JP, van der Poel HG, Li Z, Kontos HA, Levasseur JE. Pial arteriolar vessel diameter and CO2 reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in the rabbit. J Neurosurg 1988;69:923-7.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"630","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic hyperventilation on outcome in patients with severe head injury. ICP VII","author":"Ward, J.D.; Choi, S.; Marmarou, A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ward JD, Choi S, Marmarou A, et al. Effect of prophylactic hyperventilation on outcome in patients with severe head injury. ICP VII. In: Hoff IT, Betz AL, eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989:630-4."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.44.2.0191","article-title":"Dynamic changes in regional CBF, intraventricular pressure, CSF pH and lactate levels during the acute phase of head injury","volume":"44","author":"Enevoldsen, E.M.; Cold, G.; Jensen, F.T.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Enevoldsen EM, Cold G, Jensen FT, et al. Dynamic changes in regional CBF, intraventricular pressure, CSF pH and lactate levels during the acute phase of head injury. J Neurosurg 1976;44:191-214.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"615","article-title":"Prognostic significance of ventricular CSF lactic acidosis in severe head injury","volume":"65","author":"AAF, De Salles; HA, Kontos; DP, Becker","year":"1986","unstructured":"De Salles AAF, Kontos HA, Becker DP, et al. Prognostic significance of ventricular CSF lactic acidosis in severe head injury. _7 Neurosurg 1986;65:615-24."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"219","article-title":"The effect of THAM on acute intracranial hypertension. An experimental and clinical study","volume-title":"pressure III","author":"Akiota, T.; Ota, K.; Matsumato, A.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Akiota T, Ota K, Matsumato A, et al. The effect of THAM on acute intracranial hypertension. An experimental and clinical study. In: Beks JWF, Bosch DA, Brock M, eds. Intracranial pressure III. Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1976:219-33."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1970.tb00763.x","article-title":"Further studies in cerebrospinal fluid acid-base status in patients with brain lesions","volume":"14","author":"Gordan, E.; Rossanda, M.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gordan E, Rossanda M. Further studies in cerebrospinal fluid acid-base status in patients with brain lesions. Acta Anaesth Scand 1970;14:97-109.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesth Scand"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"616","article-title":"THAM (tromethamine, \"tris-buffer\"): effective therapy of traumatic brain swelling","volume-title":"pressure VII","author":"Gaab, M.R.; Seegers, K.; Goetz, C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gaab MR, Seegers K, Goetz C. THAM (tromethamine, \"tris-buffer\"): effective therapy of traumatic brain swelling. In: HoffJT, Betz AL, eds. Intracranial pressure VII. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989:616-9."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"54","article-title":"Effect of THAM upon outcome in severe head injury: a randomized prospective clinical trial","volume-title":"_7 Neurosurg","volume":"78","author":"Wolf, A.L.; Levi, L.; Marmarou, A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wolf AL, Levi L, Marmarou A, et al. Effect of THAM upon outcome in severe head injury: a randomized prospective clinical trial. _7 Neurosurg 1993;78:54-9."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio245187a0","article-title":"Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the response of baboon circulation to carbon dioxide","volume":"245","author":"Pickard, J.D.; Mackenzie, E.T.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Pickard JD, Mackenzie ET. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the response of baboon circulation to carbon dioxide. Nature New Biology 1973;245:187-8.","journal-title":"Nature New Biology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93030-S","article-title":"Effects of indomethacin on cerebral haemodynamics in very preterm infants","volume":"335","author":"Edwards, A.D.; Wyatt, J.S.; Richardson, C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edwards AD, Wyatt JS, Richardson C, et al. Effects of indomethacin on cerebral haemodynamics in very preterm infants. Lancet 1990;335:1491-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01418518","article-title":"The effects of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients with severe head injury and intracranial hypertension","volume":"108","author":"Jensen, K.; Ohrstrom, J.; Cold, G.E.; Astrup, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jensen K, Ohrstrom J, Cold GE, Astrup J. The effects of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients with severe head injury and intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991;108:116-21.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198804000-00022","article-title":"Resolution of syringomyelia and chiari malformation by ventriculoatrial shunting in a patient with pseudotumour cerebri and a lumbo-peritoneal shunt","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan, L.P.; Stears, J.C.; Ringer, S.P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sullivan LP, Stears JC, Ringer SP. Resolution of syringomyelia and chiari malformation by ventriculoatrial shunting in a patient with pseudotumour cerebri and a lumbo-peritoneal shunt. Neurosurgery 1988;22: 744-7.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198810000-00002","article-title":"Role of subtemporal decompression in severe closed head injury","volume":"23","author":"Gower, D.J.; Lee, K.S.; McWhorter, J.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gower DJ, Lee KS, McWhorter JM. Role of subtemporal decompression in severe closed head injury. Neurosurgery 1988;23:417-22.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"953","article-title":"Effects of the pressure gradient on hydrostatic brain edema","volume-title":"pressure VII","author":"Umezewa, H.; Shima, K.; Chigasaki, H.; Ishii, S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Umezewa H, Shima K, Chigasaki H, Ishii S. Effects of the pressure gradient on hydrostatic brain edema. In: Hoff JT, Betz AL, eds. Intracranial pressure VII. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989:953-6."},{"key":"ref_98","article-title":"Traumatic brain swelling and operative decompression: a prospective investigation","volume-title":"pressure VIII","author":"Rittierodt, M.; Gaab, M.R.","year":"press).","unstructured":"Rittierodt M, Gaab MR. Traumatic brain swelling and operative decompression: a prospective investigation. In: Avezaat C, et al, ed. Intracranial pressure VIII. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, (In press)."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1986.tb14289.x","article-title":"Successful management of severe intracranial hypertension by surgical decompression","volume":"28","author":"Kirkham, F.J.; Neville, B.G.R.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kirkham FJ, Neville BGR. Successful management of severe intracranial hypertension by surgical decompression. Developmental Medicine Child Neurol 1986;28: 506-9.","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.3.0307","article-title":"Dexamethasone and severe head injury: a prospective double blind trial","volume":"51","author":"Cooper, P.R.; Moody, S.; Clark, W.K.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cooper PR, Moody S, Clark WK, et al. Dexamethasone and severe head injury: a prospective double blind trial.. Neurosurg 1979;51:307-16.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"596","article-title":"Steroids in severe head injury. A prospective randomized clinical trial","volume-title":"_7 Neurosurg","volume":"54","author":"Saul, T.F.; Ducker, T.B.; Salomon, M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Saul TF, Ducker TB, Salomon M, et al. Steroids in severe head injury. A prospective randomized clinical trial. _7 Neurosurg 1981;54:596-600."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.3.0326","article-title":"Megadose steroids in severe head injury: results of a prospective double blind clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Braakman, R.; Schouten, H.J.D.; Dishoeck, B.M.V.; Minderhoud, J.M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Braakman R, Schouten HJD, Dishoeck BMV, Minderhoud JM. Megadose steroids in severe head injury: results of a prospective double blind clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1983;58:326-30.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198410000-00004","article-title":"High dose glucocorticoids in the management of severe head injury","volume":"15","author":"Giannotta, S.L.; Weiss, M.H.; Apuzzo, M.L.J.; Martin, E.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Giannotta SL, Weiss MH, Apuzzo MLJ, Martin E. High dose glucocorticoids in the management of severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1984;15:497-501.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"81","article-title":"Effect of high dose dexamethasone on outcome from severe head injury..7 Neurosurg","volume":"64","author":"Dearden, N.M.; Gibson, J.B.; McDowall, D.G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dearden NM, Gibson JB, McDowall DG, et al. Effect of high dose dexamethasone on outcome from severe head injury..7 Neurosurg 1986;64:81-8."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-6796-3_13","article-title":"Protection against oxidative damage to CNS by a-Phenyl-tert-butyl Nitrone and other spin-trapping agents: a novel series of nonlipid free radical scavengers","volume-title":"Emerging strategies in neuroprotection","author":"Floyd, R.A.; Camey, J.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Floyd RA, Camey JM. Protection against oxidative damage to CNS by a-Phenyl-tert-butyl Nitrone and other spin-trapping agents: a novel series of nonlipid free radical scavengers. In: Marangos PJ, Lal H, eds. Emerging strategies in neuroprotection, Boston: Birkauser, 1992:252-72."},{"key":"ref_106","article-title":"Free radicals in biology and medicine","author":"Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J.M.C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-6796-3_11","article-title":"Lazaroids: novel cerebroprotective antioxidants","volume-title":"Emerging strategies in neuroprotection","author":"Hall, E.D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hall ED. Lazaroids: novel cerebroprotective antioxidants. In: Marangos PJ, Lal H. Emerging strategies in neuroprotection. Boston: Birkauser, 1992:224-37."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.3.0375","article-title":"Improving the outcome of severe head injury with the oxygen radical scavenger polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase: a Phase II trial","volume":"78","author":"Muizelaar, J.P.; Marmarmou, A.; Young, H.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Muizelaar JP, Marmarmou A, Young HA, et al. Improving the outcome of severe head injury with the oxygen radical scavenger polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase: a Phase II trial.. Neurosurg 1993;78:375-82.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"557","article-title":"Mild hypothermia prevents ischemic injury in gerbil hippocampus..7 Cereb Blood FHow Metab","volume":"10","author":"Welsh, F.A.; Sims, R.E.; Harris, V.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Welsh FA, Sims RE, Harris VA. Mild hypothermia prevents ischemic injury in gerbil hippocampus..7 Cereb Blood FHow Metab 1990;10:557-63."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"383","article-title":"Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury","volume":"62","author":"Ward, J.D.; Becker, D.P.; Miller, J.D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller JD, et al. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. JNeurosurg 1985;62:383-8.","journal-title":"JNeurosurg"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.69.1.0015","article-title":"High dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury","volume":"69","author":"Eisenberg, H.M.; Frankowski, R.F.; Condant, C.G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Condant CG, et al. High dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurg 1988;69: 15-23.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cerebral protective effects of Etomidate: experimental and clinical aspects","volume":"5","author":"Batjer, H.H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Batjer HH. Cerebral protective effects of Etomidate: experimental and clinical aspects. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1993;5:17-32.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"754","article-title":"The effects of gammahydroxybutyrate and thiopentone on ICP in severe head injury","author":"Leggate, J.R.S.; Dearden, N.M.; Miller, J.D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Leggate JRS, Dearden NM, Miller JD. The effects of gammahydroxybutyrate and thiopentone on ICP in severe head injury. In: Miller JD, Teasdale GM, et al eds. Intracranial pressure VI. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986:754-9."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"613","article-title":"The antioxidant potential of propafol (2,6-diisopropylphenol). Brit JAnaes","volume":"68","author":"Murphy, P.G.; Myers, D.S.; Davies, M.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Murphy PG, Myers DS, Davies MJ, et al. The antioxidant potential of propafol (2,6-diisopropylphenol). Brit JAnaes 1992;68:613-8."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"27","article-title":"Protection against ischaemic neuronal damage by drugs acting on excitatory neurotransmission","volume":"2","author":"Meldrum, B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Meldrum B. Protection against ischaemic neuronal damage by drugs acting on excitatory neurotransmission. Cerebrovascular Brain Metab Reviews 1990;2:27-57.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Brain Metab Reviews"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"105","article-title":"Methods of antagonizing glutamate neurotoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Choi, D.W.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Choi DW. Methods of antagonizing glutamate neurotoxicity. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990;2:105-47.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1992.9.75","article-title":"Glucose hypermetabolism after acute subdural haematoma is ameliorated by a competitive NMDA antagonist","volume":"9","author":"Inglis, F.M.; Kuroda, Y.; Bullock, R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Inglis FM, Kuroda Y, Bullock R. Glucose hypermetabolism after acute subdural haematoma is ameliorated by a competitive NMDA antagonist. Neurotrauma 1992;9:75-84.","journal-title":"Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90040-1","article-title":"MK801 is neuroprotective in gerbils when administered during the postischaemic period","volume":"25","author":"Gill, R.; Foster, A.C.; Woodruff, G.N.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gill R, Foster AC, Woodruff GN. MK801 is neuroprotective in gerbils when administered during the postischaemic period. Neuroscience 1988;25:847-56.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240411","article-title":"The glutamate antagonist MK801 reduces focal ischaemic brain damage in the rat","volume":"24","author":"Park, C.K.; Nehls, D.G.; Graham, D.I.; Teasdale, G.M.; McCulloch, J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Park CK, Nehls DG, Graham DI, Teasdale GM, McCulloch J. The glutamate antagonist MK801 reduces focal ischaemic brain damage in the rat. Ann Neurol 1988;24:543-55.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Reduction of infarct volume by magnesium after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Cereb Blood Flow Metab","volume":"11","author":"Izumi, Y.; Roussel, S.; Pinard, E.; Seylaz, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Izumi Y, Roussel S, Pinard E, Seylaz J. Reduction of infarct volume by magnesium after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:1025-30."},{"key":"ref_121","article-title":"Neonatal neurology","author":"Levene, M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Levene M. Neonatal neurology. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone. 1987."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"170","article-title":"Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of \"malignant brain edema\"","volume-title":"Neurosurg","volume":"54","author":"Bruce, D.A.; Alavi, A.; Bilaniuk","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk, et al. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of \"malignant brain edema\". Neurosurg 1981;54:170-8."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.3.0450","article-title":"Diffuse brain swelling in severely head-injured children","volume":"76","author":"Aldrich, E.F.; Eisenberg, H.M.; Saydjari, C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Aldrich EF, Eisenberg HM, Saydjari C, et al. Diffuse brain swelling in severely head-injured children. Neurosurg 1992;76:450-4.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"62","article-title":"Is shrinking the brain a good thing after cerebral infarction?","volume-title":"Dilemmas in the management of the neurological patient","author":"Harrison, M.J.G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Harrison MJG. Is shrinking the brain a good thing after cerebral infarction? In: Warlow C, Garfield J, eds. Dilemmas in the management of the neurological patient. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1984:62-73."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"538","article-title":"Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid into brain in response to acute hyperosmolality","volume":"253","author":"Pullen, R.G.L.; De Pasquale, M.; Cserr, H.F.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pullen RGL, De Pasquale M, Cserr HF. Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid into brain in response to acute hyperosmolality. AmerJ Physiol 1987;253:538-45.","journal-title":"AmerJ Physiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.56.8.845","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T02:44:35Z","timestamp":1601088275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.56.8.845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,8,1]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.56.8.845","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,8,1]]}}}