{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:47:54Z","timestamp":1791168474345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.4.455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1226355659000},"page":"455-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["The nature of apraxia in corticobasal degeneration."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Leiguarda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Merello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Starkstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C D","family":"Marsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1968.00470310034003","article-title":"Corticodentatonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia","volume":"18","author":"Rebeiz, J.J.; Kolodny, E.H.; Richardson, E.P.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Rebeiz JJ, Kolodny EH, Richardson EP. Corticodentatonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia. Arch Neurol 1968;18:20-33.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"739","article-title":"Case records of the Massachussetts General Hospital. NEnglJ3Med 1985; 313","unstructured":"Case records of the Massachussetts General Hospital. NEnglJ3Med 1985;313:739-48."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_3","first-page":"178","article-title":"Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Watts, R.L.; Williams, R.S.; Growdon, J.D.; Young, R.R.; EC, Jr, Haley; Beal, M.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Watts RL, Williams RS, Growdon JD, Young RR, Haley EC Jr, Beal MF. Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration. Neurology 1985;35(suppl 1):178.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_4","first-page":"140","article-title":"Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD) with neuronal achromasia: clinicalpathological study of two cases","volume":"39","author":"Watts, R.L.; Mirra, S.S.; Young, R.R.; Burger, P.C.; Villier, J.A.; Heyman, A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Watts RL, Mirra SS, Young RR, Burger PC, Villier JA, Heyman A. Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD) with neuronal achromasia: clinicalpathological study of two cases. Neurology 1989;39 (suppl 1): 140.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.5.1171","article-title":"Corticobasal degeneration","volume":"112","author":"Gibb, W.R.; Luthert, P.J.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gibb WR, Luthert PJ, Marsden CD. Corticobasal degeneration. Brain 1989;112:1171-92.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.8.1203","article-title":"Hornykiewicz 0, Black S. Cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Riley, D.E.; Lang, A.E.; Lewis, A.; Resch, L.; Ashby, P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Riley DE, Lang AE, Lewis A, Resch L, Ashby P, Hornykiewicz 0, Black S. Cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration. Neurology 1990;40: 1203-12.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"541","article-title":"Corticobasal degeneration. A unique pattern of regional cortical oxygen hypometabolism and striatal fluorodopa uptake demonstrated by positron emission tomography","volume":"114","author":"Sawle, G.V.; Brooks, D.J.; Marsden, C.D.; Frackowiak, R.S.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sawle GV, Brooks DJ, Marsden CD, Frackowiak RSJ. Corticobasal degeneration. A unique pattern of regional cortical oxygen hypometabolism and striatal fluorodopa uptake demonstrated by positron emission tomography. Brain 1991;114:541-56.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.10.856","article-title":"The metabolic landscape of corticobasal ganglionic degeneration: regional asymmetries studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"54","author":"Eidelberg, D.; Dhawan, V.; Moeller, JR, Sidtis; JJ, Ginos; JZ, Strother; S.C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eidelberg D, Dhawan V, Moeller JR, Sidtis JJ, Ginos JZ, Strother SC, et al. The metabolic landscape of corticobasal ganglionic degeneration: regional asymmetries studied with positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:856-62.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038808248942","article-title":"Ideomotor apraxia: error pattern analysis","volume":"2","author":"LJ, Gonzilez Rothi; L, Mack; M, Verfaellic; P, Brown; KM, Heilman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gonzilez Rothi LJ, Mack L, Verfaellic M, Brown P, Heilman KM. Ideomotor apraxia: error pattern analysis. Aphasiology 1988;2:381-8.","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Du linke Hemisphare und das Handelin Munch","volume":"49","author":"Liepmann, H.","year":"1905","unstructured":"Liepmann H. Du linke Hemisphare und das Handelin Munch. Med Wochenschr 1905;49:2375-8.","journal-title":"Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"131","article-title":"Apraxia","author":"Heilman, K.M.; Rothi, L.J.G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Heilman KM, Rothi LJG. Apraxia. In: Heilman KM. Valenstein E, eds. Clinical neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985:131-50."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1979.42.3.681","article-title":"Supplementary motor area in the monkey: Activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task","volume":"42","author":"Brinkman, C.; Porter, R.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brinkman C, Porter R. Supplementary motor area in the monkey: Activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task. 7 Neurophysiol 1979;42:681-709.","journal-title":"7 Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520080035016","article-title":"Apraxia and the supplementary motor area","volume":"43","author":"Watson, R.; Fleet, S.; Gonzalez Rothi, U.; Heilman, K.M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Watson R, Fleet S, Gonzalez Rothi U, Heilman KM. Apraxia and the supplementary motor area. Arch Neurol 1986;43:787-92.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"110 1","key":"ref_14","article-title":"Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration presenting with progressive loss of speech output and orofacial dyspraxia","volume":"55","author":"Lang, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lang A. Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration presenting with progressive loss of speech output and orofacial dyspraxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55: 110 1.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(91)90002-P","article-title":"The relationship between buccofacial and limb apraxia","volume":"16","author":"Raade, A.S.; Rothi, L.J.G.; Heilman, K.M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Raade AS, Rothi LJG, Heilman KM. The relationship between buccofacial and limb apraxia. Brain Cogn 1991; 16:130-46.","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(80)90122-0","article-title":"Brain lesions associated with oral apraxia in stroke patients: a clinico-neuroradiological investigation with CT scan","volume":"18","author":"Tognola, G.; Vignolo, L.A.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tognola G, Vignolo LA. Brain lesions associated with oral apraxia in stroke patients: a clinico-neuroradiological investigation with CT scan. Neuropsychologia 1980;18: 257-72.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"87","article-title":"Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical dimensions of ideomotor apraxia","volume":"115","author":"P, Alexander M.; E, Baker; MA, Naeser; E, Kaplan; C, Palumbo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alexander M.P, Baker E, Naeser MA, Kaplan E, Palumbo C. Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical dimensions of ideomotor apraxia. Brain 1991;115: 87-107.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1951.02320090038004","article-title":"The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex","volume":"66","author":"Penfield, W.; Welch, K.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Penfield W, Welch K. The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1951;66: 289-317.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.493986","article-title":"Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement in man suggests it works as a supramotor area","volume":"206","author":"Orgogozo, J.M.; Larsen, B.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Orgogozo JM, Larsen B. Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement in man suggests it works as a supramotor area. Science 1979;206:847-50.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_20","first-page":"3656","article-title":"Functional organization of the human supplementary motor cortex studied by electrical stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Fried, I.; Katz, A.; McCarthy, G.; Sass, K.J.; Williamson, P.; Spencer, S.S.; Spencer, D.D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fried I, Katz A, McCarthy G, Sass KJ, Williamson P, Spencer SS, Spencer DD. Functional organization of the human supplementary motor cortex studied by electrical stimulation. J Neurosci 1991;1 1:3656-66.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.4.1017","article-title":"Movement-related potentials recorded from supplementary motor area and primary motor area. Role of supplementary motor area in voluntary movements","volume":"115","author":"Ikeda, A.; Luders, H.O.; Burgess, R.C.; Shibasaki, H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ikeda A, Luders HO, Burgess RC, Shibasaki H. Movement-related potentials recorded from supplementary motor area and primary motor area. Role of supplementary motor area in voluntary movements. Brain 1992;115:1017-43.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.5.1173","article-title":"Ideational apraxia","volume":"111","author":"E, De Renzi; F, Lucchelli","year":"1988","unstructured":"De Renzi E, Lucchelli F. Ideational apraxia. Brain 1988; 111:1173-85.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"111","article-title":"Common considerations in the study of limb, verbal, and oral apraxia","volume-title":"Advances in psychology. Neuropsychological studies of apraxia and related disorders","volume":"23","author":"Roy, E.A.; Square, P.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Roy EA, Square PA. Common considerations in the study of limb, verbal, and oral apraxia. In Roy EA, ed. Advances in psychology. Neuropsychological studies of apraxia and related disorders, Vol 23. Amsterdam: NorthHolland 1985:111-61."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299108253382","article-title":"A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis","volume":"8","author":"Rothi, L.J.G.; Ochipa, C.; Heilman, K.M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rothi LJG, Ochipa C, Heilman KM. A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis. Cogn Neuropsychol 1991;8:443-58.","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.4.1061","article-title":"Conceptual apraxia in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"115","author":"Ochipa, C.; Rothi, L.G.; Heilman, K.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ochipa C, Rothi LG, Heilman KM. Conceptual apraxia in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 1992;115:1061-71.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_26","article-title":"Studien uber Motorische Apraxie und ihr Nahestehende Erscheinungen: ihre Bedeutung in der Symptomatologie Psychopathischer SymptomenKomplexe","author":"Pick, A.","year":"1905","unstructured":"Pick A. Studien uber Motorische Apraxie und ihr Nahestehende Erscheinungen: ihre Bedeutung in der Symptomatologie Psychopathischer SymptomenKomplexe. Leipzig: Deuticke, 1905."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195801000-00003","article-title":"The nature of apraxia","volume":"126","author":"Denny-Brown, D.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Denny-Brown D. The nature of apraxia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1958;126:9-32.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"102","key":"ref_28","first-page":"566","article-title":"Les Apraxies: varietes cliniques et lateralisation lesionnelle","volume":"1960","author":"De, Ajuriaguerra J.; H, Hecaen; R, Angelergues","unstructured":"Ajuriaguerra J De, Hecaen H, Angelergues R. Les Apraxies: varietes cliniques et lateralisation lesionnelle. Rev Neurol 1960;102:566-94.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.6.882","article-title":"Primary progressive aphasia with focal neuronal achromasia","volume":"41","author":"Lippa, C.F.; Cohen, R.; Smith, T.W.; Drachman, D.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lippa CF, Cohen R, Smith TW, Drachman DA. Primary progressive aphasia with focal neuronal achromasia. Neurology 1991;41:882-6.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198605000-00011","article-title":"Cortical degeneration with swollen chromatolytic neurons: Its relationship to Pick's disease","volume":"45","author":"Clark, A.; Manz, H.J.; White, C.L.; Lehmann, J.; Miller, D.; Coyle, J.T.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Clark A, Manz HJ, White CL, Lehmann J, Miller D, Coyle JT. Cortical degeneration with swollen chromatolytic neurons: Its relationship to Pick's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1986;45:268-84.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000410598","article-title":"Pick dementia: Anatomoclinical correlations and pathophysiological considerations","volume":"19","author":"Constantinidis, J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Constantinidis J. Pick dementia: Anatomoclinical correlations and pathophysiological considerations. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology 1985;19:72-97.","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology"},{"issue":"30","key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Corticonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia: A clinico pathologic study of two cases","volume":"98","author":"Lippa, C.F.; Smith, T.W.; Fontnean, N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lippa CF, Smith TW, Fontnean N. Corticonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia: A clinico pathologic study of two cases. J Neurol Sci 1990;98:30 1-10.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.57.4.455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T02:46:35Z","timestamp":1601088395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.57.4.455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,4,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.57.4.455","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,4,1]]}}}