{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:54:26Z","timestamp":1791910466849,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.9.1021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1226355659000},"page":"1021-1025","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Three decades of normal pressure hydrocephalus: are we wiser now?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"J A","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196507152730301","article-title":"Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerebrospinal fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome","volume":"273","author":"Adams, R.D.; Fisher, C.M.; Hakim, S.; Ojemann, R.G.; Sweet, W.H.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH. Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerebrospinal fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome. NEnglJMed 1965;273:117-26. familiaris).","journal-title":"NEnglJMed"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(75)90231-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of chronic communicating hydrocephalus in dogs (canis Experimental studies","volume":"24","author":"James, A.E.; BurnsB, Flor; W.F.","year":"1975","unstructured":"James AE,BurnsB, Flor WF, et al. Pathophysiology of chronic communicating hydrocephalus in dogs (canis Experimental studies. Neurol Sci 1975;24:151-78.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.8.736","article-title":"Mullan Hydrocephalus as a cause of dementia: Evaluation of computerized tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring","volume":"40","author":"Crockard, H.A.; Hanlon, K.; EE, Duda J.F.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Crockard HA, Hanlon K, Duda JF. EE, Mullan Hydrocephalus as a cause of dementia: Evaluation of computerized tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;40:736-40.","journal-title":"Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.2.0322","article-title":"Experimental normal pressure hydrocephalus is accompanied by increased transmantle pressure","volume":"61","author":"Conner, E.S.; PMcL, Black; Foley, L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Conner ES,Black PMcL, Foley L. Experimental normal pressure hydrocephalus is accompanied by increased transmantle pressure. Neurosurg 1984;61:322-8.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"231","article-title":"Hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid pulses","author":"C, Di Rocco","year":"1984","unstructured":"Di Rocco C. Hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid pulses. In: Shapiro K, Marmarou A, Portnoy H, eds. Hydrocephalus. New York: Raven Press, 1984:231-50."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"337","article-title":"Hydrocephalus and CSF pulsatility: clinical and laboratory studies","author":"Foltz, E.L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Foltz EL. Hydrocephalus and CSF pulsatility: clinical and laboratory studies. In: Shapiro K, Marmarou A, Portnoy H, eds. Hydrocephalus. New York: Raven Press, 1984:337-62."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(68)90054-3","article-title":"The mechanism of normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Geschwind, N.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Geschwind N. The mechanism of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Sci 1968;7:481-93.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1969.31.3.0279","article-title":"Further experience with the syndrome of \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"31","author":"Ojemann, R.G.; Fisher, C.M.; Adams, R.D.; SweetWH, New; P.F.J.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ojemann RG, Fisher CM, Adams RD, SweetWH, New PFJ. Further experience with the syndrome of \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurg 1969;31:279-94.","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"69","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus","author":"Katzman, R.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Katzman R. Normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Wells CE, ed. Dementia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1977:69-92.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"35","article-title":"Adult communicating hydrocephalus. Br7 Hosp Med","volume":"27","author":"Pickard, J.D.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pickard JD. Adult communicating hydrocephalus. Br7 Hosp Med 1982; 27:35-44."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"363","article-title":"CSF hydrodynamics for the study of the adult hydrocephalus syndrome","author":"Ekstedt, J.; H.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ekstedt J, H. CSF hydrodynamics for the study of the adult hydrocephalus syndrome. In: Shapiro K, Marmarou A, Portnoy H, eds. B0rgesen Hydrocephalus. New York: Raven Press, 1984:363-82."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"146","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the CSF circulation","volume":"1","author":"Gjerris, F.; S.E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gjerris F, SE. Pathophysiology of the CSF circulation. In: Boston: Blackwell Crockard A, Hayward R, Hoff J, eds. Neurosurgery: the scientific basis of clinical practice. Scientific Publications, 1992;1: 146-75.","journal-title":"Scientific Publications; Neurosurgery: the scientific basis of clinical practice"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"215","article-title":"Microcirculatory changes in experimental hydrocephalus: morphological and physiological studies","author":"Shapiro, K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sato 0, Ohya M, Nojiri K, Tsugane R. Microcirculatory changes in experimental hydrocephalus: morphological and physiological studies. In: Shapiro K, Marmarou A, Portnoy H, eds. Hydrocephalus. New York: Raven Press, 1984:215-30."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.3.0379","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus before and after shunting","volume":"66","author":"Vorstrup, S.; Christensen, J.; Gjerris, F.; S0rensen, P.S.; Thomsen, A.M.; Paulson, O.B.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vorstrup S, Christensen J, Gjerris F, S0rensen PS, Thomsen AM, Paulson OB. Cerebral blood flow in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus before and after shunting. J Neurosurg 1987;66:379-87.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.6.1074","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"18","author":"Mamo, H.L.; Meric, P.C.; Ponsin, J.C.; Rey, A.C.; Luft, A.G.; Seylaz, J.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mamo HL, Meric PC, Ponsin JC, Rey AC, Luft AG, Seylaz JA. Cerebral blood flow in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Stroke 1987;18:1074-80.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"655","article-title":"sure hHyidgrhocreepsholaultuisonbeSfoPrEeCaTndwiatfther[s9h9umnTtc]o-pedr, alt-iHonM","volume":"56","author":"Waldemar, G.; Schmidt, J.F.; Delecluse, F.; Andersen, A.R.; Gjerris, F.; Paulson, O.B.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Waldemar G, Schmidt JF, Delecluse F, Andersen AR, Gjerris F, Paulson OB. sure hHyidgrhocreepsholaultuisonbeSfoPrEeCaTndwiatfther[s9h9umnTtc]o-pedr,alt-iHonM.PAJONienurnoolrNmeaulropsruers-g Psychiatry 1993;56:655-64.","journal-title":"PAJONienurnoolrNmeaulropsruers-g Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.4.0482","article-title":"Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischemic brain","volume":"56","author":"Astrup, J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Astrup J. Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischemic brain. J Neurosurg 1982;56:482-97.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490400076009","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease","volume":"31","author":"Earnest, M.P.; Fahn, S.; Karp, J.H.; Rowland, L.P.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Earnest MP, Fahn S, Karp JH, Rowland LP. Normal pressure hydrocephalus and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease. Arch Neurol 1974; 31:262-6.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-3-417","article-title":"Dementia in elderly outpatients: a prospective study","volume":"100","year":"1984","unstructured":"Larson EB, Reifler BV, Featherstone HJ, English DR. Dementia in elderly outpatients: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1984;100: 417-24.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-6-476","article-title":"The reversible dementias: do they reverse?","volume":"109","author":"Clarfield, A.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Clarfield AM. The reversible dementias: do they reverse? Ann Intern Med 1988;109:476-86.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"316","article-title":"Occult hydrocephalus: results of shunting correlated with diagnostic tests","volume-title":"Clinical neurosurgery","volume":"24","author":"ER, Jr, Laws; B, Mokri","year":"1977","unstructured":"Laws ER Jr, Mokri B. Occult hydrocephalus: results of shunting correlated with diagnostic tests. In: Keener EB, ed. Clinical neurosurgery. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1977;24:316-33."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"961","article-title":"Adult idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus","volume":"41","author":"Hughes, C.P.; Siegel, B.A.; Coxe, W.S.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hughes CP, Siegel BA, Coxe WS, et al. Adult idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus 1978;41:961-7 with 1."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.12.1358","article-title":"Hydrocephalus as a cause of disturbances of gait in the elderly","volume":"32","author":"Fisher, C.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fisher CM. Hydrocephalus as a cause of disturbances of gait in the elderly. Neurology 1982;32:1358-63.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"632","article-title":"CSF shunts for dementia, incontinence, and gait disturbance","volume":"32","author":"PMcL, Black; RG, Ojemann; A, Tzouras","year":"1985","unstructured":"Black PMcL, Ojemann RG, Tzouras A. CSF shunts for dementia, incontinence, and gait disturbance. Clin Neurosurg 1985;32:632-5 1.","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.961","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger's disease","volume":"53","author":"Bennett, D.A.; Wilson, R.S.; Gilley, D.W.; Fox, J.H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Gilley DW, Fox JH. Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger's disease. JNeurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:961-65.","journal-title":"JNeurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"561","article-title":"Paraplegias of hydrocephalics","volume":"51","author":"Yakovlev, P.","year":"1947","unstructured":"Yakovlev P. Paraplegias of hydrocephalics. Am J Ment Defic 1947;51: 561-76.","journal-title":"Am J Ment Defic"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"155","article-title":"Gait apraxia in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: patterns","volume":"35","author":"Knutsson, E.; Lying-Tunell, U.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Knutsson E, Lying-Tunell U. Gait apraxia in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: patterns 1985;35: 155-60."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410200306","article-title":"Prognosis of dementia in normal-pressure hydrocephalus after a shunt operation","volume":"20","author":"Thomsen, A.M.; B0rgesen, S.E.; Bruhn, P.; Gjerris, F.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Thomsen AM,B0rgesen SE,Bruhn P, Gjerris F. Prognosis of dementia in normal-pressure hydrocephalus after a shunt operation. Ann Neurol 1986;20:304-10.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"53","article-title":"Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of normal pressure Normal hydrocephalus: an observational pressure hydrocephalus. Rodopi: study","author":"Vanneste, J.A.L.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vanneste JAL. Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of normal pressure Normal hydrocephalus: an observational pressure hydrocephalus. Rodopi: study. In: University Vanneste JAL: of Amsterdam, 1991:53-62. (PhD Thesis.)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240207","article-title":"Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases","volume":"24","author":"Helkala, E.L.; Laulumaa, U.; Soininen, H.; Riekkinen, P.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Helkala EL, Laulumaa U, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ. Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ann Neurol 1988;24:214-7.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"173","article-title":"An explanation of the reversible memory defect in hydrocephalus","author":"Granholm, L.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Granholm L. An explanation of the reversible memory defect in hydrocephalus. In:Beks JWF,Bosch DA,Brock III.Berlin: Springer Verlag 1976:173-5. M, eds."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2","article-title":"Hippocampal atrophy in normal pressure hydrocephalus is associated with severity of cognitive impairment","volume":"43","author":"Golomb, J.; de Leon, M.J.; George, A.E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Golomb J, de Leon MJ, George AE, et al. Hippocampal atrophy in normal pressure hydrocephalus is associated with severity of cognitive impairment. Neurology 1993;43(suppl 2):A211-2.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198602000-00002","article-title":"Bedside cognitive screeninginstruments. A critical assessment","volume":"174","author":"Nelson, A.; FogelBS, Faust; D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nelson A, FogelBS, Faust D.Bedside cognitive screeninginstruments. A critical assessment. J.Nerv Ment Dis 1986;174:73-83.","journal-title":"J. Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00698846","article-title":"Computed tomography of the brain in the diagnosis and prognosis in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"31","author":"Wikkelso, C.; Andersson, H.; Blomstrand, C.; Matousek, M.; Svendsen, P.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wikkelso C, Andersson H, Blomstrand C, Matousek M, Svendsen P. Computed tomography of the brain in the diagnosis and prognosis in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neuroradiology 1989;31: 160-5.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402454","article-title":"Reappraisal of the intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in patients with the so-called \"normal pressure hydrocephalus\"","volume":"112","author":"Sahuquillo, J.; Rubio, E.; Codina, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sahuquillo J, Rubio E, Codina A, et al. Reappraisal of the intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in patients with the so-called \"normal pressure hydrocephalus\" syndrome. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991;112:50-61.","journal-title":"syndrome. Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198711000-00001","article-title":"MR findings in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: significance and comparison with other forms of dementia","volume":"11","author":"Jack, C.R.; Mokri, B.; Laws, E.R.; Houser, O.W.; Baker, H.L.; Petersen, R.C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jack CR, Mokri B, Laws ER, Houser OW, Baker HL, Petersen RC. MR findings in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: significance and comparison with other forms of dementia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1987;11:923-31.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.159.3.3704142","article-title":"Flowing cerebrospinal fluid in normal and hydrocephalic states: appearance on MR images","volume":"159","author":"Bradley, W.G.; Kortman, K.E.; Burgoyne, B.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bradley WG, Kortman KE, Burgoyne B. Flowing cerebrospinal fluid in normal and hydrocephalic states: appearance on MR images. Radiology 1986;159:611-6.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.178.2.1987609","article-title":"Marked cerebrospinal fluid void: indicator of successful shunt in patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"178","author":"Bradley, W.G.; Whittemore, A.R.; Kortman, K.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bradley WG, Whittemore AR, Kortman KE, et al. Marked cerebrospinal fluid void: indicator of successful shunt in patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Radiology 1991;178:459-66.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"388","article-title":"Periventricular high signal lesions in a single void on magnetic resonance imaging in hydrocephalus","volume":"369","author":"Stollman, A.L.; George, A.E.; Pinto, R.S.; de Leon, M.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stollman AL, George AE, Pinto RS, de Leon MJ. Periventricular high signal lesions in a single void on magnetic resonance imaging in hydrocephalus. Acta Radiol 1986;369(suppl):388-91.","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"42","article-title":"Chronic communicating hydrocephalus and periventricular white matter disease: a debate with regard to cause and effect","volume":"12","author":"George, A.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"George AE. Chronic communicating hydrocephalus and periventricular white matter disease: a debate with regard to cause and effect. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:42-4.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.1.64","article-title":"The clinical effect of lumbar puncture in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"45","author":"Wikkelso, C.; Andersson, H.; Blomstrand, C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wikkelso C, Andersson H, Blomstrand C. The clinical effect of lumbar puncture in normal pressure hydrocephalus. J7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982;45:64-9.","journal-title":"J7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1986.tb04601.x","article-title":"Normal Pressure hydrocephalus. Predictive value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap-test","volume":"73","author":"Wikkelso, C.; Andersson, H.; Blomstrand, C.; Lindqvist, G.; Svendsen, P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wikkelso C, Andersson H, Blomstrand C, Lindqvist G, Svendsen P. Normal Pressure hydrocephalus. Predictive value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap-test. Acta Neurol Scand 1986;73:566-73.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198802000-00020","article-title":"Predictive value of temporary external lumbar drainage in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"22","author":"Haan, J.; Thomeer, R.T.W.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Haan J, Thomeer RTWM. Predictive value of temporary external lumbar drainage in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 1988;22: 388-91.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"305","article-title":"Normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume-title":"Current therapy in neurological disease 3","author":"Hanley, D.F.; Borel, C.O.; Herdman, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hanley DF, Borel CO, Herdman S. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus. In: Johnson RT, ed. Current therapy in neurological disease 3. Philadelphia: BC Decker Inc, 1990:305-9."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03060320046011","article-title":"New radiographic and isotopic procedures in neurological diagnosis","volume":"188","author":"G, Di Chiro","year":"1964","unstructured":"Di Chiro G. New radiographic and isotopic procedures in neurological diagnosis. JAMA 1964;188:524-9.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90288-7","article-title":"Isotope encephalography in the diagnosis of dementia due to communicating hydrocephalus","volume":"2","author":"Bannister, R.; Gilford, E.; Kocen, R.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bannister R, Gilford E, Kocen R. Isotope encephalography in the diagnosis of dementia due to communicating hydrocephalus. Lancet 1967;2:1014-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"206","article-title":"atrophy and their differential diagnosis-CSF dynamics investigated by computer cisternography","volume-title":"axial tomography in clinical practice","author":"Hindmarsh, T.; Hydrocephalus, Greitz T.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hindmarsh T, Greitz T. Hydrocephalus, atrophy and their differential diagnosis-CSF dynamics investigated by computer cisternography. In: du Boulay GH, Moseley IF, eds. Computerized axial tomography in clinical practice. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1977:206-12."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"466","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: is cisternography still useful in selecting patients for a shunt?","volume":"49","author":"Vanneste, J.A.L.; Augustijn, P.; ap AG, Davies G.; Tan, W.F.; Dirven, C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vanneste JAL, Augustijn P, Davies G ap AG, Tan WF, Dirven C. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: is cisternography still useful in selecting patients for a shunt? Arch Neurol 1992;49:466-70.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199004000-00015","article-title":"Communicating hydrocephalus in adults: prediction of outcome after ventricular shunting procedures","volume":"26","author":"Benzel, E.C.; Pelletier, A.L.; Levy, P.G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Benzel EC, Pelletier AL, Levy PG. Communicating hydrocephalus in adults: prediction of outcome after ventricular shunting procedures. Neurosurgery 1990;26:655-60.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.7.564","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: did literature alter management?","volume":"53","author":"Vanneste, J.A.L.; van Acker, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vanneste JAL, van Acker R. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: did literature alter management? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:564-8.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cortical perfusion assessment with '231-isopropyl amphetamine ('23I-IAMP) in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)","volume":"14","author":"Moretti, J.L.; Sergent, A.; Louran, F.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Moretti JL, Sergent A, Louran F, et al. Cortical perfusion assessment with '231-isopropyl amphetamine ('23I-IAMP) in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). EurJNuclMed 1988;14:73-9.","journal-title":"EurJNuclMed"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198911000-00013","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler sonographic identification of a subgroup of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus with coexistent vascular disease and treatment failure","volume":"25","author":"Fritz, W.; Kalbarczyk, H.; Schmidt, K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fritz W, Kalbarczyk H, Schmidt K. Transcranial Doppler sonographic identification of a subgroup of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus with coexistent vascular disease and treatment failure. Neurosurgery 1989;25:777-80.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.1.75","article-title":"Simultaneous recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in patients with suspected symptomatic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"56","author":"Droste, D.W.; Krauss, J.K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Droste DW, Krauss JK. Simultaneous recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in patients with suspected symptomatic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:75-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.4.613","article-title":"Studies on cerebral oxygen metabolism, blood flow, and blood volume, in patients with hydrocephalus before and after surgical decompression using positron emission tomography","volume":"109","author":"Brooks, D.J.; Beaney, R.P.; Powell, M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brooks DJ, Beaney RP, Powell M, et al. Studies on cerebral oxygen metabolism, blood flow, and blood volume, in patients with hydrocephalus before and after surgical decompression using positron emission tomography. Brain 1986;109:613-28.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref_55","first-page":"149","article-title":"Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice","volume":"1960","author":"Lundberg, N.","unstructured":"Lundberg N. Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1960; 36(suppl 149):1-193.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_56","article-title":"B-waves in healthy persons","volume-title":"pressure VII","author":"Mautner, D.; Dirnagl, U.; Haberl, R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mautner D, Dirnagl U, Haberl R, et al. B-waves in healthy persons. In: Hoff JT, Betz AL, eds. Intracranial pressure VII. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1989;209-12."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.10.1037","article-title":"An evaluation of the cerebral fluid infusion test for hydrocephalus","volume":"21","author":"Nelson, J.B.; Goodman, S.J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Nelson JB, Goodman SJ. An evaluation of the cerebral fluid infusion test for hydrocephalus. Neurology 1971;21:1037-53.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"805","article-title":"Hydrocephalus-analysis of 480 infusion tests","volume-title":"pressure VIII","author":"Costabile, G.; Probst, C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Costabile G, Probst C. Hydrocephalus-analysis of 480 infusion tests. In: Avezaat CJJ, van Eijndhoven JHM, Maas AIR, Tans JT, eds. Intracranial pressure VIII. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993:805-10."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"390","article-title":"Attempts to predict the probability of clinical improvement following shunting of patients with presumed normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume-title":"pressure VII","author":"Price, D.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Price DJ. Attempts to predict the probability of clinical improvement following shunting of patients with presumed normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Hoff JT, Betz AL, eds. Intracranial pressure VII. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1989:390-3."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"816","article-title":"The relative prognostic value of CSF outflow resistance measurement in shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume-title":"pressure VIII","author":"Delwel, E.J.; De Jong, D.A.; Avezaat, C.J.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Delwel EJ, De Jong DA, Avezaat CJJ. The relative prognostic value of CSF outflow resistance measurement in shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Avezaat CJJ, van Eijndhoven JHM, Maas AIR, Tans JTJ, eds. Intracranial pressure VIII. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993: 816-20."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"383","article-title":"The significance of outflow resistance measurements in the prediction of outcome after CSF-shunting in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume-title":"pressure VII","author":"Kosteljanetz, M.; Westergaard, L.; Kaalund, J.; Nehen, A.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kosteljanetz M, Westergaard L, Kaalund J, Nehen AM. The significance of outflow resistance measurements in the prediction of outcome after CSF-shunting in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Hoff JT, Betz AL, eds. Intracranial pressure VII. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1989:383-5."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"329","article-title":"Resistance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus","author":"Gjerris, F.; B0rgesen, S.E.; Schmidt, J.; S0rensen, P.S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gjerris F, B0rgesen SE, Schmidt J, S0rensen PS. Resistance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Gjerris F, B0rgesen SE, S0rensen PS, eds. Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1989:329-38."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.3.251","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: the predictive value of a global clinical\/CT scale","volume":"56","author":"Vanneste, J.A.L.; Augustijn, P.; Tan, W.F.; Dirven, C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vanneste JAL, Augustijn P, Tan WF, Dirven C. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: the predictive value of a global clinical\/CT scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiaty 1993;56:251-6.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiaty"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530230064023","article-title":"Binswanger's disease and normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Cliiical and neuropsychological comparison","volume":"48","author":"Gallassi, R.; Morreale, A.; Montagna, P.; Sacquegna, T.; Di Sarro, R.; Lugaresi, E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gallassi R, Morreale A, Montagna P, Sacquegna T, Di Sarro R, Lugaresi E. Binswanger's disease and normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Cliiical and neuropsychological comparison. Arch Neurol 1991;48: 1156-9.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.57.9.1021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T02:47:57Z","timestamp":1601088477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.57.9.1021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.57.9.1021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]}}}