{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:16:12Z","timestamp":1783912572757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.5.497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1226355659000},"page":"497-505","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Three cases of symptom change in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with paediatric cerebral malignancies."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"B S","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R A","family":"Bronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C C","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"815","article-title":"A twin study of Tourette syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Price, R.A.; Kidd, K.K.; Cohen, D.J.; Pauls, D.L.; Leckman, J.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Price RA, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ, Pauls DL, Leckman JF. A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arich Geti Ps3'chiatrr 1985;42:815-20.","journal-title":"Arich Geti Ps3'chiatrr"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"154","article-title":"A family study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Pauls, D.L.; Raymond, C.L.; Stevenson, J.M.; Leckman, J.F.","unstructured":"Pauls DL, Raymond CL, Stevenson JM, Leckman JF. A family study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Anti 7 Hunt1 Genet 1991,48:154-63.","journal-title":"Anti; Hunt1 Genet 1991,48"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"701","article-title":"A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems","volume":"41","author":"Comings, D.E.; Comings, B.G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Comings DE, Comings BG. A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. An, _7 Humi Genet 1987;41: 701-41."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90232-3","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome: epigenetic factors active in early CNS development","volume":"34","author":"Leckman, J.F.; Peterson, B.S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Peterson BS. The pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome: epigenetic factors active in early CNS development. BiOl Psychliatn-s 1993;34:425-7.","journal-title":"BiOl Psychliatn-s"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"327","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive disorder: is it bcoamstapltulgsaivnegldiiasorddyesrfiu71ncchtliilodnr?eni Ian;:tdRaadoploespcomre, tts. JLW.asOhbisnesgstio'vne,-","author":"Wise, S.; Rapoport, J.L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wise S, Rapoport JL. Obsessive compulsive disorder: is it bcoamstapltulgsaivnegldiiasorddyesrfiu71ncchtliilodnr?eni Ian;:tdRaadoploespcomre,tts.JLW.asOhbisnesgstio'vne,- DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1989:327-46."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"950","article-title":"et of children al. Volumetric MRI changes with Tourette's syndrome. in basal Neurolsoga ganglia","volume":"43","author":"Singer, H.S.; Reiss, A.L.; Brown, J.E.; Aylward, E.H.; Shih, B.; Chee, E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Singer HS, Reiss AL, Brown JE, Aylward EH, Shih B, Chee E, et of children al. Volumetric MRI changes with Tourette's syndrome. in basal Neurolsoga ganglia 1993; 43:950-6."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"851","article-title":"Structural and functional studies of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Chase, T.N.; Geoffrey, V.; Gillespie, M.; Burrows, G.H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chase TN, Geoffrey V, Gillespie M, Burrows GH. Structural and functional studies of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Revue Neurologique 1986;142:851-5.","journal-title":"Revue Neurologique"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.1993.64","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of Tourette's syndrome: an FDG-PET study. I. Regional changes in cercbral glucose metabolism differentiating patients and controls","volume":"9","author":"Braun, A.R.; Stoetter, B.; Randolph, C.; Hsiao, J.K.; Vladar, K.; Gernert, J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Braun AR, Stoetter B, Randolph C, Hsiao JK, Vladar K, Gernert J, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of Tourette's syndrome: an FDG-PET study. I. Regional changes in cercbral glucose metabolism differentiating patients and controls. Neuropsychopharmnacology 1993;9: 277-91.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmnacology"},{"issue":"207-1","key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"SPECT imaging of cerebral blood flow in Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Riddle, M.A.; Rasmusson, A.M.; Woods, S.W.; Hoffer, P.B.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Riddle MA, Rasmusson AM, Woods SW, Hoffer PB. SPECT imaging of cerebral blood flow in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol 1992;58:207-1 1.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62678-3","article-title":"Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, \"prefrontal\", and \"limbic\" functions","volume":"85","author":"Alexander, G.; Crutcher, M.; DeLong, M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Alexander G, Crutcher M, DeLong M. Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, \"prefrontal\", and \"limbic\" functions. Prog Brain Res 1990;85:119-46.","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90798-Z","article-title":"Contralateral pallidothalamic and pallidotegmental projections in primates: an anterograde and retrograde labeling study","volume":"567","author":"Hazrati, L.; Parent, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hazrati L, Parent A. Contralateral pallidothalamic and pallidotegmental projections in primates: an anterograde and retrograde labeling study. Brain Res 1991;567: 212-23.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00007-C","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop","volume":"20","author":"Parent, A.; Hazrati, L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parent A, Hazrati L. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res Rev 1995;20:91-127.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"596","article-title":"Investigation of the primate amygdala. Movements of the face and jaws","volume":"4","author":"Baldwin, M.; Frost, L.L.; Wood, C.D.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Baldwin M, Frost LL, Wood CD. Investigation of the primate amygdala. Movements of the face and jaws. Neuirology 1954;4:596-8.","journal-title":"Neuirology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(53)90056-X","article-title":"Electrical and chemical stimulation of frontotemporal portion of limbic system in the waking animal","volume":"5","author":"MacLean, P.D.; Delgado, J.M.R.","year":"1953","unstructured":"MacLean PD, Delgado JMR. Electrical and chemical stimulation of frontotemporal portion of limbic system in the waking animal. Electroenzcephalogr ClGn Neurophy,siol 1953; 5:91-100.","journal-title":"Electroenzcephalogr ClGn Neurophy, siol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(94)90003-5","article-title":"Corpus callosum morphology from magnetic resonance images in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Peterson, B.S.; Leckman, J.F.; Duncan, J.S.; Wetzles, R.; Riddle, M.A.; Hardin, M.; Cohen, D.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Peterson BS, Leckman JF, Duncan JS, Wetzles R, Riddle MA, Hardin M, Cohen DJ. Corpus callosum morphology from magnetic resonance images in Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 1994;55:85-99.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90895-T","article-title":"Role of the corpus callosum in expression or behavioral asymmetries induced by a unilateral dopamine lesion of the substantial nigra in man","volume":"609","author":"Sullivan, R.M.; Parker, B.A.; Szechtman, H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sullivan RM, Parker BA, Szechtman H. Role of the corpus callosum in expression or behavioral asymmetries induced by a unilateral dopamine lesion of the substantial nigra in man. Brain Res 1993;609:347-50.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.5.408","article-title":"Interhemispheric integration: II. Symmetry and convergence of the corticostriatal projections of the left and the right principal sulcus (PS) and the left and the right supplementary motor area (SMA) of the rhesus monkey","volume":"1","author":"McGuire, P.K.; Bates, J.F.; Goldman-Rakic, P.S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"McGuire PK, Bates JF, Goldman-Rakic PS. Interhemispheric integration: II. Symmetry and convergence of the corticostriatal projections of the left and the right principal sulcus (PS) and the left and the right supplementary motor area (SMA) of the rhesus monkey. Cereb Cortex 1991;1:408-17.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(73)90149-1","article-title":"The cingulate gyrus and human behavior","volume":"34","author":"Talairach, J.; Bancaud, J.; Geier, S.; Bordas-Ferrer, M.; Bonis, A.; Szikla, G.; Rusu, M.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Talairach J, Bancaud J, Geier S, Bordas-Ferrer M, Bonis A, Szikla G, Rusu M. The cingulate gyrus and human behavior. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973;34: 45-52.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"77","article-title":"Neurobiological dissection of Tourette syndrome: a neurochemical focus on a human neuroanatomical model","volume-title":"la Tourette syndrome","author":"Bonnet, K.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bonnet KA. Neurobiological dissection of Tourette syndrome: a neurochemical focus on a human neuroanatomical model. In: Friedhoff AJ, Chase TN, eds. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. New York: Raven Press, 1982: 77-82."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870050211","article-title":"Neurosurgical treatment of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with Tourette's syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Kurlan, R.; Kersun, J.; H, Jr, Ballantine; Caine, E.D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kurlan R, Kersun J, Ballantine H Jr, Caine ED. Neurosurgical treatment of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with Tourette's syndrome. Mov Disord 1990;5:152-5.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.8.691","article-title":"The treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by limbic leucotomy","volume":"53","author":"Robertson, M.; Doran, M.; Trimble, M.; Lees, A.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Robertson M, Doran M, Trimble M, Lees AJ. The treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by limbic leucotomy. _7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:691-4.","journal-title":"_7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"211","article-title":"Prefrontal connections of medial motor areas in the rhesus monkey..7 Cosnp","volume":"336","author":"Bates, J.F.; Goldman-Rakic, P.S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bates JF, Goldman-Rakic PS. Prefrontal connections of medial motor areas in the rhesus monkey..7 Cosnp Neurol 1993;336:211-28.","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04210070048013","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Possible midbrain involvement","volume":"40","author":"0, Devinsky","year":"1983","unstructured":"Devinsky 0. Neuroanatomy of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Possible midbrain involvement. Arch Neuirol 1983;40:508-14.","journal-title":"Arch Neuirol"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"165","article-title":"Special sensory systems. In: The human central nervous system","author":"Nieuwenhuys, R.; Voogd, J.; Van Huijzen, C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, Van Huijzen C. Special sensory systems. In: The human central nervous system. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Verlag, 1988:165-96.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"293","article-title":"Olfactory and limbic systems. In: The human central nervous systemi","author":"Nieuwenhuys, R.; Voogd, J.; Van Huijzen, C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, Van Huijzen C. Olfactory and limbic systems. In: The human central nervous systemi. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Verlag, 1988:293-363.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Survey of chemically defined cell groups and pathways. Chemoarchitecture of the brain","author":"Nieuwenhuys, R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuys R. Survey of chemically defined cell groups and pathways. Chemoarchitecture of the brain. New York: Springer Verlag, 1985:7-113."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.890","article-title":"Severe disturbances in speech, swallowing, and gait following stereotactic infrathalamic lesions in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Leckman, J.F.; de Lotbiniere, A.J.; Marek, K.; Gracco, C.; Scahill, L.; Cohen, D.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leckman JF, de Lotbiniere AJ, Marek K, Gracco C, Scahill L, Cohen DJ. Severe disturbances in speech, swallowing, and gait following stereotactic infrathalamic lesions in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurology 1993;43:890-4.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(95)90109-4","article-title":"Neurosurgical treatment of Tourette's syndrome: a critical review","volume":"36","author":"Rauch, S.L.; Baer, L.; Cosgrove, G.R.; Jenike, M.A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rauch SL, Baer L, Cosgrove GR, Jenike MA. Neurosurgical treatment of Tourette's syndrome: a critical review. Comip Psychiatry 1995;36:141-56.","journal-title":"Comip Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"274","article-title":"Involuintary mzovement disorders","author":"Cooper, I.S.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Cooper IS. Involuintary mzovement disorders. New York: Harper and Row, 1969:274-79."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-8482-0_12","article-title":"Stereotactic surgery in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"24","author":"de Divitiis E; A, D.'Errico; A, Cerillo","year":"1977","unstructured":"de Divitiis E, D'Errico A, Cerillo A. Stereotactic surgery in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Acta Neurochir 1977;24: 73.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"89","article-title":"Stereotaxic treatment of tics and inarticulate cries or coprolalia considered as motor obsessional phenomena in Gilles de la Tourette's disease","volume":"123","author":"Hassler, R.; Dieckmann, G.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hassler R, Dieckmann G. Stereotaxic treatment of tics and inarticulate cries or coprolalia considered as motor obsessional phenomena in Gilles de la Tourette's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1970;123:89-100.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"100","article-title":"Stereotaxic thalamotomy in the combined treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's disease","volume":"91","author":"Korzen, A.V.; Pushkov, VV, Kharitonov; RA, Shustin; V.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Korzen AV, Pushkov VV, Kharitonov RA, Shustin VA. Stereotaxic thalamotomy in the combined treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's disease. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatri 1991;91:100-1.","journal-title":"Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatri"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090067011","article-title":"Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Insel, T.R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Insel TR. Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:739-44.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"384","article-title":"Cingulotomy for intractable obsessivecompulsive disorder","volume":"52","author":"Baer, L.; Rauch, S.L.; Ballantine, H.T.; Martuza, R.; Cosgrove, R.; Cassem, E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baer L, Rauch SL, Ballantine HT, Martuza R, Cosgrove R, Cassem E, et al. Cingulotomy for intractable obsessivecompulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52: 384-92.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950100030003","article-title":"Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison with Tourette's syndrome and healthy controls","volume":"51","author":"Leckman, J.F.; Goodman, W.K.; North, W.G.; Chappell, P.B.; Price, L.H.; Pauls, D.L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Goodman WK, North WG, Chappell PB, Price LH, Pauls DL, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison with Tourette's syndrome and healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:782-92.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"742","article-title":"The role of central oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder and related normal behavior","volume":"19","author":"Leckman, J.F.; Goodman, W.K.; North, W.G.; Chappell, P.B.; Price, L.H.; Pauls, D.L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Goodman WK, North WG, Chappell PB, Price LH, Pauls DL, et al. The role of central oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder and related normal behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994;19:742-58.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090009002","article-title":"Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"49","author":"L, Jr, Baxter; JM, Schwartz; KS, Bergman; MP, Szuba; BH, Guze; JC, Mazziotta","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baxter L Jr, Schwartz JM, Bergman KS, Szuba MP, Guze BH, Mazziotta JC, et al. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49: 681-9.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010062008","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessivecompulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography","volume":"51","author":"Rauch, S.L.; Jenike, M.A.; Alpert, N.M.; Baer, L.; Breiter, H.C.; Savage, C.R.; Fischman, A.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rauch SL, Jenike MA, Alpert NM, Baer L, Breiter HC, Savage CR, Fischman AJ. Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessivecompulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:62-70.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090018003","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Revisualization during pharmacotherapy","volume":"49","author":"Swedo, S.E.; Pietrini, P.; Leonard, H.L.; Schapiro, M.B.; Rettew, D.C.; Goldberger, E.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Swedo SE, Pietrini P, Leonard HL, Schapiro MB, Rettew DC, Goldberger EL, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Revisualization during pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:690-4.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.61.5.497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T02:54:34Z","timestamp":1601088874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.61.5.497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.61.5.497","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]]}}}