{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:57:41Z","timestamp":1790164661813,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J R Army Med Corps"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-freezing cold injury (NFCI) is the Cinderella of thermal injuries and is a clinical syndrome that occurs when tissues are exposed to cold temperatures close to freezing point for sustained periods. NFCI is insidious in onset, often difficult to recognize and problematic to treat, and yet the condition accounts for significant morbidity in both military and civilians who work in cold conditions. Consequently recognition of those at risk, limiting their exposure and the appropriate and timely use of suitable protective equipment are essential steps in trying to reduce the impact of the condition. This review addresses the issues surrounding NFCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-157-01-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T19:43:32Z","timestamp":1363722212000},"page":"79-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Nonfreezing Cold-Induced Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Imray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry"},{"name":"Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trenchard Lines, Upavon, Pewsey, Wilts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Greeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trenchard Lines, Upavon, Pewsey, Wilts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JW","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Non-freezing cold injury: the pathogenesis","volume":"71","author":"FSC, Francis T.J.R.Golden","unstructured":"Francis TJR. Golden FSC. Non-freezing cold injury: the pathogenesis. J R Nav Med Serv1985; 71: 3-8.","journal-title":"J R Nav Med Serv1985"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)54223-8","article-title":"On the pathology of trench frostbite","volume":"11","author":"Smith, J.L.; Ritchie, J.; Dawson, J.","year":"1915","unstructured":"Smith JL, Ritchie J, Dawson J. On the pathology of trench frostbite. Lancet 1915; 11: 595 \u2013 8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_3","first-page":"87","article-title":"Immersion foot syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Adnot, J.; Lewis, C.W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Adnot J, Lewis CW. Immersion foot syndromes. J Assoc Mil Dermatol 1985; 11(1): 87-92.","journal-title":"J Assoc Mil Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1136\/jrnms-70-134","article-title":"Non-freezing cold injury: a historical review","volume":"70","author":"Francis, T.J.R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Francis TJR. Non-freezing cold injury: a historical review. J R Naval Med Serv 1984; 70: 134-9","journal-title":"J R Naval Med Serv"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02956968","article-title":"RF: Cold vasoconstriction and vasodilatation","volume":"309","author":"Greenfield, A.D.M.; Shepherd, I.T.; Whelan","year":"1951","unstructured":"Greenfield ADM, Shepherd IT, Whelan RF: Cold vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Irish J Med Sci 1951; 309:415.","journal-title":"Irish J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"444448","article-title":"Cold vasodilatation and cold acclimatization in the hands of British fish filleters","volume":"17","author":"Nelms, J.D.; Soper, D.J.G.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Nelms JD, Soper DJG. Cold vasodilatation and cold acclimatization in the hands of British fish filleters. J Appl Physiol 1962; 17: 444448","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Finger cold-induced vasodilation during mild hypothermia, hyperthemia and at thermoneutrality. Aviat Space","volume":"70","author":"Daanen, H.A.M.; Ducharme, M.B.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Daanen HAM, Ducharme MB. Finger cold-induced vasodilation during mild hypothermia, hyperthemia and at thermoneutrality. Aviat Space Environ Med 1999; 70:1206-1210.","journal-title":"Environ Med"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050287","article-title":"The effect of body temperature on the hunting response of the middle finger skin temperature","volume":"76","author":"Daanen, H.A.M.; de Linde FJG, Van; TT, Romet; MB, Ducharme","year":"1997","unstructured":"Daanen, HAM, Van de Linde FJG, Romet TT, Ducharme MB. The effect of body temperature on the hunting response of the middle finger skin temperature. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76:538-543.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.242","article-title":"Role of core temperature as a stimulus for cold acclimation during repeated immersion in 20 degrees C water","volume":"89","author":"O\u2019Brien, C.; Young, A.J.; Lee, D.T.","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien C, Young AJ, Lee DT et al. Role of core temperature as a stimulus for cold acclimation during repeated immersion in 20 degrees C water. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 242-50","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Struijs NR Resistance index of frostbite as a predictor of cold injury in Arctic operations","volume":"76","author":"Daanen, H.A.M.; van der","year":"2005","unstructured":"Daanen HAM, van der Struijs NR Resistance index of frostbite as a predictor of cold injury in Arctic operations. Aviat Space Environ Med 2005; 76:1119-1122","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0720-z","article-title":"Enhancement of cold-induced vasodilatation following acclimatization to altitude","volume":"104","author":"Felicijan, A.; Golja, P.; Milcinski, M.; Cheung, S.S.; Mekjavic, I.B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Felicijan A, Golja P, Milcinski M, Cheung SS, Mekjavic IB. Enhancement of cold-induced vasodilatation following acclimatization to altitude. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;104(2):201-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"467","article-title":"Nonfreezing cold injury","author":"Thomas, JR, Oakley; E.H.N.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thomas JR, Oakley EHN. Nonfreezing cold injury. In: Pandolf KB, Burr RE (eds.) Textbook of MilitaryMedicine, Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments, vol 1. Washington DC: US Army, 2001;467-90.","journal-title":"Army; Textbook of MilitaryMedicine, Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments, vol 1. Washington DC: US"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)77006-1","article-title":"Frostbite and kindred ills","volume":"2","author":"Green, R.","year":"1941","unstructured":"Green R. Frostbite and kindred ills. Lancet 1941; 2: 689-93.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700200113","article-title":"Clinical and experimental observations on the pathology of trench frostbite","volume":"20","author":"Smith, J.L.; Ritchie, J.; Dawson, J.","year":"1915","unstructured":"Smith JL, Ritchie J, Dawson J. Clinical and experimental observations on the pathology of trench frostbite. J Path 1915; 20: 159-90.","journal-title":"J Path"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18003112404","article-title":"Studies in the pathology of human immersion foot","volume":"31","author":"Blackwood, W.","year":"1944","unstructured":"Blackwood W. Studies in the pathology of human immersion foot. Br J Surg 1944. 31: 320-50.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-194504040-00001","article-title":"The pathology of injury to nerve induced by cold","volume":"4","author":"Denny-Brown, D.; Adams, R.D.; Brenner, C.","year":"1945","unstructured":"Denny-Brown D, Adams RD, Brenner C, et al. The pathology of injury to nerve induced by cold. J Neuropath Exp Neuro. Oct, 1945; 4(4): 305-23.","journal-title":"J Neuropath Exp Neuro. Oct"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"779","article-title":"Experimental cold injury to peripheral nerve. Brain","volume":"104","author":"Nukada, H.; Pollack, M.; Allpress, S.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nukada H, Pollack M, Allpress S. Experimental cold injury to peripheral nerve. Brain. Dec, 1981; 104: 779-811"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cold injury, ground type. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army","author":"Wayne, T.F.; DeBakey, M.E.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Wayne TF, DeBakey ME. Cold injury, ground type. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washingon, DC: 1958. 1-51"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-153-03s-24","article-title":"Military cold injury during the war in the Falkland Islands 1982: an evaluation of possible risk factors","volume":"153","author":"Craig, R.P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Craig RP. Military cold injury during the war in the Falkland Islands 1982: an evaluation of possible risk factors. J R Army Med Corps 2007;153 Suppl 1:63-8","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref_20","first-page":"564","article-title":"Epidemiology of US army cold weather injuries, 1980-1999","volume":"74","author":"Degroot, D.; Castellani, J.; Williams, J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Degroot D, Castellani J, Williams J et al. Epidemiology of US army cold weather injuries, 1980-1999. Aviat Space Environ Med 2003; 74(5): 564-570.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_21","first-page":"281","article-title":"Hypothermia and local cold injuries in combat and non-combat situations \u2013 the Israeli experience","volume":"74","author":"Moran, D.; Heled, Y.; Shani, Y.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moran D, Heled Y, Shani Y et al. Hypothermia and local cold injuries in combat and non-combat situations \u2013 the Israeli experience. Aviat Space Environ Med 2003; 74(3): 281-4.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref_22","first-page":"1050","article-title":"[Non-freezing cold injury in soldiers] Harefuah","volume":"141","author":"Melamed, E.; Glassberg, E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Melamed E, Glassberg E. [Non-freezing cold injury in soldiers] Harefuah. 2002; 141(12):1050-4, 1090)."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1580\/06-WEME-LH-027R.1","article-title":"Trench foot: the medical response in the first World War 1914-18","volume":"17","author":"Atenstaedt, R.L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atenstaedt RL. Trench foot: the medical response in the first World War 1914-18. Wilderness Environ Med 2006;17(4):282-9.","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Shipwreck survivors: a medical study","author":"Critchley, M.","year":"1943","unstructured":"Critchley M. Shipwreck survivors: a medical study. J & A Churchill, Ltd. London, 1943. 1-23.","journal-title":"J & A Churchill, Ltd. London"},{"key":"ref_25","article-title":"Injury from exposure to low temperature","volume":"4","author":"Blackwood, W.","year":"1944","unstructured":"Blackwood W. Injury from exposure to low temperature: pathology, Br Med J 4, 1944.","journal-title":"pathology, Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)54223-8","article-title":"On the pathology of trench frostbite","volume":"11","author":"Smith, J.L.; Ritchie, J.; Dawson, J.","year":"1915","unstructured":"Smith JL, Ritchie J, Dawson J. On the pathology of trench frostbite. Lancet 1915; 11: 595 \u2013 8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)58135-5","article-title":"Peripheral vasoneuropathy after chilling","volume":"2","author":"Ungley, C.C.; Blackwood, W.","year":"1942","unstructured":"Ungley CC, Blackwood W. Peripheral vasoneuropathy after chilling. Lancet 1942; 2: 447-51.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_28","first-page":"61","article-title":"Immersion foot and immersion hand (peripheral vasoneuropathy after chilling)","volume":"4","author":"Ungley, C.C.","year":"1943","unstructured":"Ungley CC. Immersion foot and immersion hand (peripheral vasoneuropathy after chilling). Bulletin War Med 1943; 4(2): 61-5","journal-title":"Bulletin War Med"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18003312903","article-title":"The immersion foot syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Ungley CC, Channell CD, Richards RI","year":"1945","unstructured":"Ungley CC, Channell CD, Richards RI. The immersion foot syndrome. Br J Surg 1945; 33: 17-31","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194504122321501","article-title":"Trench foot and immersion foot","volume":"232","author":"White, J.C.; Scoville, W.B.","year":"1945","unstructured":"White JC, Scoville WB. Trench foot and immersion foot. N Engl J Med. 1945; 232(15): 415-22","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_31","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Medicine and Slavery: The Disease and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia","volume":"84","author":"Savitt, T.L.","unstructured":"Savitt TL. Medicine and Slavery: The Disease and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia. The American Historical Review 1979; 84, no. 4: 1154-1155.","journal-title":"The American Historical Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-155-01-04","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of the ethnic origins of male British army soldiers with peripheral cold weather injury","volume":"155","author":"Burgess, J.E.; Macfarlane, F.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burgess JE, Macfarlane F Retrospective analysis of the ethnic origins of male British army soldiers with peripheral cold weather injury. J R Army Med Corps 2009;155(1):11-5.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01553777","article-title":"Variation in the susceptability to cold injury in Indians","volume":"23","author":"Matthew, L.; Purkayastha, S.S.; Nayar, H.S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Matthew L, Purkayastha SS, Nayar HS. Variation in the susceptability to cold injury in Indians. International Journal of Biometerology 1979; 23(3): 263 \u2013 270","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometerology"},{"key":"ref_34","article-title":"Risk factors for Non-Freezing Cold Injury in British Army Infantry Recruit Training","author":"Izard, R.M.; Bilzon, J.L.J.","unstructured":"Izard RM, Bilzon JLJ. Risk factors for Non-Freezing Cold Injury in British Army Infantry Recruit Training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2008 40:5; S229","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"ref_35","article-title":"Chapter 6 Wilderness Medicine Paul Auerbach","author":"Imray, C.H.E.; Castellani, J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Imray CHE, Castellani J. Chapter 6 Wilderness Medicine Paul Auerbach 6th Edition In press 2011)","edition":"6th Edition"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400040123029","article-title":"Immersion foot: a problem of the homeless in the 1990\u2019s","volume":"151","author":"Wrenn, K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wrenn K. Immersion foot: a problem of the homeless in the 1990\u2019s. Arch Int Med 1991; 151(4): 785-8","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"},{"issue":"662","key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.56.662.879","article-title":"Recent cases of trench foot","volume":"56","author":"Ramstead, K.D.; Hughes, R.G.; Webb, A.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ramstead KD, Hughes RG, Webb AJ. Recent cases of trench foot. Postgrad Med J 1980; 56(662): 879-83","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.016097","article-title":"Frostbite: incidence and predisposing factors in mountaineers","volume":"39","author":"Harirchi, I.; Arvin, A.; Vash, J.H.; Zafarmand, V.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harirchi I, Arvin A, Vash JH, Zafarmand V. Frostbite: incidence and predisposing factors in mountaineers. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39(12):898-901","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880140610","article-title":"Nerve conduction studies in experimental non-freezing cold injury","volume":"14","author":"Kennett, R.P.; Gilliatt, R.W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kennett RP, Gilliatt RW. Nerve conduction studies in experimental non-freezing cold injury: I. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14(6): 553-62.","journal-title":"I. Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880141006","article-title":"Nerve conduction studies in experimental non-freezing cold injury: II","volume":"14","author":"Kennett, R.P.; Gilliatt, R.W.","unstructured":"Kennett RP, Gilliatt RW. Nerve conduction studies in experimental non-freezing cold injury: II. Muscle Nerve1991; 14(10): 960-7.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve1991"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"372","article-title":"Nature and mechanism of peripheral nerve damage in an experimental model of non-freezing cold injury","volume":"78","author":"Irwin, M.S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Irwin MS. Nature and mechanism of peripheral nerve damage in an experimental model of non-freezing cold injury. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1996; 78: 372-9.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"93","article-title":"An assessment of peripheral nerve damage in the rat following non-freezing cold exposure: an electrophysiological and histopathological examination","author":"Shurtleff, D.; Gilliat, R.W.; Thomas, JR","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shurtleff D, Gilliat RW, Thomas JR et al. An assessment of peripheral nerve damage in the rat following non-freezing cold exposure: an electrophysiological and histopathological examination. Technical Report 1993, 93-01, Naval Medical Research Institute.","journal-title":"Technical Report"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"433438","article-title":"Neuropathy in nonfreezing cold injury (trench foot)","volume":"90","author":"Irwin, M.S.; Sanders, R.; Green, C.; Terenghi, G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Irwin MS, Sanders R, Green C, Terenghi G. Neuropathy in nonfreezing cold injury (trench foot). J Roy Soc Med 1997; 90: 433438.","journal-title":"J Roy Soc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_44","first-page":"2415","article-title":"The synergistic enhancement of pathology in intermittently cooled nerve. Chin Med","volume":"113","author":"Jia, J.; Jia, J.; Pollock, M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jia J, Jia J, Pollock M. The synergistic enhancement of pathology in intermittently cooled nerve. Chin Med J (Engl) 2000;113(3):2415.","journal-title":"J (Engl)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.4.631","article-title":"The pathogenesis of non-freezing cold nerve injury Observations in the rat","volume":"120","author":"Jia, J.; Pollock, M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jia J,Pollock M. The pathogenesis of non-freezing cold nerve injury Observations in the rat. Brain 1997; 120: 631\u2013646.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00000043","article-title":"Microvascular ultrastructure in non-freezing cold injuries","volume":"190","author":"Endrich, B.; Hammersen, F.; Messmer, K.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Endrich B, Hammersen F, Messmer K. Microvascular ultrastructure in non-freezing cold injuries. Res Exp Med 1990; 190: 365-79.","journal-title":"Res Exp Med"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1994.1013","article-title":"Cold-induced perturbation of cutaneous blood flow in the rat tail: a model of nonfreezing cold injury","volume":"47","author":"Thomas, JR, Shurtleff; D, Schrot; J, Ahlers; S.T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thomas JR, Shurtleff D, Schrot J, Ahlers ST. Cold-induced perturbation of cutaneous blood flow in the rat tail: a model of nonfreezing cold injury. Microvasc Res 1994: 47: 166-176","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"ref_48","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics","first-page":"177","article-title":"Damage to vascular endothelium and smooth muscle contribute to the development of non-freezing cold injury in the rat tail vascular bed in vitro","author":"Stephens, J.P.; Laight, D.W.; Golden, F.S.C.; Tipton, M.J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stephens JP, Laight DW, Golden FSC, Tipton MJ. Damage to vascular endothelium and smooth muscle contribute to the development of non-freezing cold injury in the rat tail vascular bed in vitro. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, Boston, MA, 2009, pp 177-181"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2009.06.004","article-title":"Cold injury","volume":"25","author":"Mohr, W.J.; Jenabzadeh, K.; Ahrenholz, D.H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohr WJ, Jenabzadeh K, Ahrenholz DH. Cold injury. Hand Clin 2009; 25(4):481-96","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_50","first-page":"117","article-title":"Peripheral non-freezing cold injury: immersion injury","volume":"35","author":"Mills, W.J.; Mills, W.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mills WJ, Mills WJ. Peripheral non-freezing cold injury: immersion injury. Alaska Med 1993; 35(1): 117-28.","journal-title":"Alaska Med"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(2003)014[0134:CCUTIF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ungley\u2019s \u2018\u2018The Immersion Foot Syndrome\u2019\u2019\u2014A Commentary","volume":"14","author":"Murray Hamlet, M.C.C.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murray Hamlet, M. C. C. Ungley\u2019s \u2018\u2018The Immersion Foot Syndrome\u2019\u2019\u2014A Commentary. J Wild Environ Med 2003;14: 134","journal-title":"J Wild Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_52","first-page":"785","article-title":"Immersion foot","volume":"24","author":"Webster, D.R.; Woolhouse, F.M.; Johnson, J.L.","year":"1942","unstructured":"Webster DR, Woolhouse FM, Johnson JL. Immersion foot. Amer J Bone Joint Surg 1942; 24(4): 785-94.","journal-title":"Amer J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.068635","article-title":"Cold damage to the extremities: Frostbite and non-freezing cold injuries","volume":"85","author":"Imray, C.; Grieve, A.; Dhillon, S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Imray C, Grieve A, Dhillon S. Cold damage to the extremities: Frostbite and non-freezing cold injuries. Postgrad Med J 2009;85:481-488","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref_54","year":"1982","unstructured":"Riddell I. Commander, Royal Navy (Ret); formerly, Principal Medical Officer, Commando Training Centre Royal Marines, Lympstone, Devon, England. Personal communication, 1982"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"353","article-title":"Cold injury","volume-title":"A Textbook of Vascular Medicine","author":"Francis, T.J.R.; Oakley, E.H.N.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Francis TJR, Oakley EHN. Cold injury. In: Tooke JE, Lowe GDO, eds. A Textbook of Vascular Medicine. London, England: Arnold; 1996: 353\u2013370"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(98)80238-4","article-title":"Patellar tendon bearing orthosisapplication as adjunctive treatment in healing lower limb tissue loss","volume":"16","author":"Khaira, H.S.; Coddington, T.; Drew, A.; Roberts, P.N.; Imray, C.H.E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"HS Khaira, T Coddington, A Drew, PN Roberts, CHE Imray. Patellar tendon bearing orthosisapplication as adjunctive treatment in healing lower limb tissue loss. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998; 16: 485\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref_57","series-title":"Prevention of Cold Injuries","first-page":"15","article-title":"Prevention of Cold Injuries: What can be Learned from Nerve Injury Patients?","author":"Jaquet, J.B.; Brandsma, M.; Daanen, H.A.M.; Hovius, S.E.R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jaquet, J.B.; Brandsma, M.; Daanen, H.A.M.; Hovius, S.E.R. Prevention of Cold Injuries: What can be Learned from Nerve Injury Patients? In Prevention of Cold Injuries 2005 (pp. 15-1\u2013156). Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-HFM-126, Paper 15. Neuillysur-Seine, France: RTO. Available from: http:\/\/www.rto.nato.int\/abstracts.aps."},{"key":"ref_58","author":"Oakley, E.H.N.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oakley EHN. Personal communication 2010."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5864","article-title":"The effect of gentle exercise prior to a cold sensitivity test used to classify non-freezing cold injury","author":"Eglin, C.; Golden, F.; Tipton, M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eglin C, Golden F, Tipton M. The effect of gentle exercise prior to a cold sensitivity test used to classify non-freezing cold injury. In: Prevention of Cold Injuries (11-1-11-6) Meeting Proceeding RTO-MP-HFM-126, Paper 11. http:\/\/www.rto.nato.int\/abstracts.asp 60. Hallam MJ, Cubison T, Dheansa B, Imray C.Management of frostbite injuries. BMJ 2010;341:c5864 doi: 10.1136\/bmj.c5864 61.","journal-title":"Prevention of Cold Injuries (11-1-11-6) Meeting Proceeding RTO-MP-HFM-126, Paper 11; BMJ; Management of frostbite injuries"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Warm water immersion foot. US Nav Med","volume":"17","author":"Buckels, L.F.; Gill, K.A.; Anderson, G.T.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Buckels LF, Gill KA, Anderson GT. Warm water immersion foot. US Nav Med Res Lab. 1967; 17: 1-8.","journal-title":"Res Lab"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400040123029","article-title":"Immersion foot: a problem of the homeless in the 1990\u2019s","volume":"151","author":"Wrenn, K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wrenn K. Immersion foot: a problem of the homeless in the 1990\u2019s. Arch Int Med 1991; 151(4): 785-8.","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"61318","article-title":"Paddy foot: a warm water immersion foot syndrome variant, II: field experiments, correlation","volume":"139","author":"Akers, W.A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akers, WA. Paddy foot: a warm water immersion foot syndrome variant, II: field experiments, correlation. Mil Med 1974; 139: 61318.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.1886.2008","article-title":"GG Hand cold recovery responses before and after 15 months of military training in a cold climate","volume":"79","author":"Brandstrom, H.; Grip, H.; Hallberg, P.; Gronlund, C.; Angquist, K.-A.; Giesbrecht","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brandstrom H, Grip H, Hallberg P, Gronlund C, Angquist K-A, Giesbrecht GG Hand cold recovery responses before and after 15 months of military training in a cold climate. Aviat Space Environ Med 2008;79:904-908.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-157-01-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T14:57:15Z","timestamp":1755097035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/militaryhealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-157-01-14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jramc-157-01-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-157-01-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-8665","2052-0468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-8665","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-0468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}}}