{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:47:56Z","timestamp":1791128876591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J R Army Med Corps"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Undifferentiated febrile illnesses have been a threat to British expeditionary forces ever since the Crusades. The infections responsible were identified during the Colonial Era, both World Wars and smaller conflicts since, but nearly all remain a significant threat today. Undiagnosed febrile illnesses have occurred amongst British troops in Helmand, Afghanistan since 2006 and so a fever study was performed to identify them.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From May to October 2008, all undifferentiated fever cases seen at the British field hospital in Helmand, Afghanistan were assessed using a standard protocol. Demographic details, clinical features and laboratory results were recorded and paired serum samples were sent for testing at the UK Special Pathogens Reference Unit (SPRU).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over 6 months, there were 26 cases of \u201cHelmand Fever\u201d assessed and 23 diagnoses were made of which 12 (52%) were sandfly fever, 6 (26%) were acute Q fever and 5 (22%) were rickettsial infections. Four cases had co-infections and 7 cases were not diagnosed (mostly due to inadequate samples). The clinical features and laboratory results available at the British field hospital did not allow these diseases to be distinguished from each other. The exact type of rickettsial infection could not be identified at SPRU.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These cases probably represent the \u201ctip of an iceberg\u201d for British and Allied forces. More resources for diagnostic facilities and follow-up of patients are required to improve the management and surveillance of \u201cHelmand Fever\u201d cases; until then doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks should be given to all troops who present with an undifferentiated febrile illness in Helmand, Afghanistan. Patients with acute Q fever should be followed-up for at least 2 years to exclude chronic Q fever. Prevention of these diseases requires a better understanding of their epidemiology, but prophylaxis with doxycycline and possibly Q fever vaccine should be considered.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-157-02-05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T19:43:32Z","timestamp":1363722212000},"page":"150-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Undifferentiated Febrile Illnesses Amongst British Troops in Helmand, Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Mark S","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection & Tropical Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5ST +44 121 424 0357 +44 121 424 1309 markbailey@nhs.net"},{"name":"Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TR","family":"Trinick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"204 (North Irish) Field Hospital RAMC(V), Belfast"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JA","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital RAMC(V), Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Hospital Haslar, Gosport"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JC","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPA Porton Down, Salisbury"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TJ","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPA Porton Down, Salisbury"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AD","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCA Communicable Diseases, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-156-03-07","article-title":"UK Role 4 Military Infectious Diseases at Birmingham Heartlands Hospital in 2005-9","volume":"156","author":"Glennie, J.S.; Bailey, M.S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glennie JS, Bailey MS. UK Role 4 Military Infectious Diseases at Birmingham Heartlands Hospital in 2005-9. J R Army Med Corps. 2010; 156: 162-4.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Ceylon: An Historical Sketch of the Conquest of the Colony by the English","author":"Marshall, H.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marshall H. Ceylon: An Historical Sketch of the Conquest of the Colony by the English. London: Allen, 1846. Available: www.archive. org\/details\/ceylonagenerald00marsgoog. Accessed 01 April 2010."},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"The Prevention of Malaria among Troops under Peace Conditions","volume-title":"The Prevention of Malaria","author":"Fowler, C.E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fowler CE. The Prevention of Malaria among Troops under Peace Conditions. In: Ross R (Editor). The Prevention of Malaria. New York: Dutton, 1910; Ch 61. Available: www.archive.org\/details\/ pr00eventionofmalarossrich. Accessed 01 April 2010."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(03)00063-X","article-title":"A malaria outbreak following a British military deployment to Sierra Leone","volume":"47","author":"Tuck, J.J.; Green, A.D.; Roberts, K.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tuck JJ, Green AD, Roberts K. A malaria outbreak following a British military deployment to Sierra Leone. J Infect. 2003; 47: 225-30.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_5","first-page":"1252","article-title":"On the Possibility of the Occurrence of Trypanosomiasis in India","volume":"1903","author":"Leishman, W.B.","unstructured":"Leishman WB. On the Possibility of the Occurrence of Trypanosomiasis in India. Br Med J. 1903; 1(2213): 1252-4.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_6","first-page":"2","article-title":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Leishmaniasis in relation to service in Iraq\/Afghanistan, U. S. Armed Forces, 2001\u20132006","volume":"14","year":"2007","unstructured":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Leishmaniasis in relation to service in Iraq\/Afghanistan, U.S. Armed Forces, 2001 \u2013 2006. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. 2007; 14(1): 2-5. Available: www.afhsc.mil\/msmr. Accessed 01 April 2010.","journal-title":"Medical Surveillance Monthly Report; Accessed"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref_7","first-page":"257","article-title":"Medical history of the South African War","volume":"1910","author":"Simpson, R.J.","unstructured":"Simpson RJ. Medical history of the South African War. J R Army Med Corps. 1910; 15: 257-75.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Typhoid Fever. In: The Principles and Practice of Medicine","author":"Osler, W.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Osler W. Typhoid Fever. In: The Principles and Practice of Medicine 8th Ed. New York & London: Appleton, 1919; Ch 1. Available: www.archive.org\/details\/cu31924003512161. Accessed 01 April 2010.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_9","first-page":"313","article-title":"The distribution of typhoid and paratyphoid infections amongst enteric fevers at Mudros, October \u2013 December, 1915","volume":"1916","author":"Martin, C.J.; Upjohn, W.G.","unstructured":"Martin CJ, Upjohn WG. The distribution of typhoid and paratyphoid infections amongst enteric fevers at Mudros, October \u2013 December, 1915. Br Med J. 1916; 2(2905): 313-316.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_10","first-page":"33","article-title":"Medical and Surgical Notes from Mesopotamia","volume":"1917","author":"G, Grey Turner","unstructured":"Grey Turner G. Medical and Surgical Notes from Mesopotamia. Br Med J. 1917; 2(2950): 33-7.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"39","key":"ref_11","first-page":"161","article-title":"Note on the discovery of a micro-organism in Malta fever","volume":"1887","author":"Bruce, D.","unstructured":"Bruce D. Note on the discovery of a micro-organism in Malta fever. Practitioner 1887; 39: 161-70.","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-138-03-09","article-title":"The Corps Disease: Brucellosis and its Historical Association with the Royal Army Medical Corps","volume":"138","author":"Vassallo, D.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vassallo DJ. The Corps Disease: Brucellosis and its Historical Association with the Royal Army Medical Corps. J R Army Med Corps. 1992; 138: 140-50.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.5.541","article-title":"Illness in a redeployed soldier","volume":"172","author":"Nguyen, DR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nguyen DR. Illness in a redeployed soldier. Mil Med. 2007; 172: 541-3.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"377","article-title":"\u201cQ\u201d fever: a new disease in armies","volume":"97","author":"Blewitt, B.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Blewitt B. \u201cQ\u201d fever: a new disease in armies. J R Army Med Corps. 1951; 97: 377-88.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"In: The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45: War Surgery and Medicine","volume":"15","author":"Fever, Stout T.Q.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Stout T. Q Fever. In: The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45: War Surgery and Medicine. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch, 1954; Ch 15. Available: www. nzetc.org\/tm\/scholarly\/tei-WH2Surg.html. Accessed 01 April 2010."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1086\/528866","article-title":"Outbreak of Q Fever among US Military in Western Iraq, June-July 2005","volume":"46","author":"Faix, D.J.; Harrison, D.J.; Riddle, M.S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faix DJ, Harrison DJ, Riddle MS et al. Outbreak of Q Fever among US Military in Western Iraq, June-July 2005. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46: e65-8.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"111","article-title":"Leptospirosis \u2013 An Occupational Disease of Soldiers","volume":"129","author":"Johnston, J.H.; Lloyd, J.; McDonald, J.; Waitkins, S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Johnston JH, Lloyd J, McDonald J, Waitkins S. Leptospirosis \u2013 An Occupational Disease of Soldiers. J R Army Med Corps 1983; 129: 111-114.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1959.11685941","article-title":"Clinical features of tropical leptospirosis","volume":"53","author":"Russell, R.W.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Russell RW. Clinical features of tropical leptospirosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1959; 53: 416-20.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"152","article-title":"Leptospirosis \u2013 a cause for concern?","volume":"138","author":"Leary, B.D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Leary BD. Leptospirosis \u2013 a cause for concern? J R Army Med Corps. 1992; 138: 152.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1973.22.796","article-title":"Epidemiology of the acute fevers of unknown origin in South Vietnam: effect of laboratory support upon clinical diagnosis","volume":"22","author":"Berman, S.J.; Irving, G.S.; Kundin, W.D.; Gunning, J.J.; Watten, R.H.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Berman SJ, Irving GS, Kundin WD, Gunning JJ, Watten RH. Epidemiology of the acute fevers of unknown origin in South Vietnam: effect of laboratory support upon clinical diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1973; 22: 796\u2013801.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-138-01-11","article-title":"Leptospirosis \u2013 a cause for concern?","volume":"138","author":"Sinclair, D.G.; World, M.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sinclair DG, World MJ. Leptospirosis \u2013 a cause for concern? J R Army Med Corps. 1992; 138: 40-2.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Serbian Epidemics of Typhus and Relapsing","volume-title":"Fever in 1915. Proc R Soc Med 1920","volume":"13","author":"Hunter, W.","unstructured":"Hunter W. The Serbian Epidemics of Typhus and Relapsing Fever in 1915. Proc R Soc Med 1920; 13: 29-158."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_23","first-page":"811","article-title":"Tick fever in Palestine","volume":"1919","author":"Nicholson, F.D.","unstructured":"Nicholson FD. Tick fever in Palestine. Br Med J 1919; 2(3077): 811.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"229","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever in Somaliland with reference to the blood sedimentation rate","volume":"96","author":"Charters, A.D.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Charters AD. Tick-borne relapsing fever in Somaliland with reference to the blood sedimentation rate. J R Army Med Corps 1951; 96: 229-35.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-131-02-02","article-title":"Tick borne relapsing fever imported into the United Kingdom","volume":"131","author":"Simon, J.W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Simon JW. Tick borne relapsing fever imported into the United Kingdom. J R Army Med Corps 1985; 131: 65-7.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0846-x","article-title":"Post exposure prophylaxis of tick-borne relapsing fever","volume":"29","author":"Balicer, R.D.; Mimouni, D.; Bar-Zeev, Y.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balicer RD, Mimouni D, Bar-Zeev Y et al. Post exposure prophylaxis of tick-borne relapsing fever. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29: 253-8.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00093-X","article-title":"The history of epidemic typhus","volume":"18","author":"Raoult, D.; Woodward, T.; Dumler, J.S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Raoult D, Woodward T, Dumler JS. The history of epidemic typhus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2004; 18: 127-140.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-147-03-06","article-title":"Rescue of the remnants: the British emergency medical relief operation in Belsen Camp 1945","volume":"147","author":"Trepman, E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Trepman E. Rescue of the remnants: the British emergency medical relief operation in Belsen Camp 1945. J R Army Med Corps 2001; 147: 281-93.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"6","article-title":"The occurrence and identification of the typhus group of fevers in","volume":"90","author":"Sayers, M.H.; Hill, I.G.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Sayers MH, Hill IG. The occurrence and identification of the typhus group of fevers in South East Asia Command. J R Army Med Corps 1948; 90: 6-22.","journal-title":"South East Asia Command. J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"227","article-title":"Scrub typhus in Korea","volume":"97","author":"Munro-Faure, A.D.; Andrew, R.; Missen, G.A.; MacKay-Dick, J.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Munro-Faure AD, Andrew R, Missen GA, MacKay-Dick J. Scrub typhus in Korea. J R Army Med Corps 1951; 97: 227-9.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"153","article-title":"Scrub typhus in Malaya","volume":"88","author":"Templeton, W.C.","year":"1947","unstructured":"Templeton WC. Scrub typhus in Malaya. J R Army Med Corps 1947; 88: 153-61.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"107","key":"ref_32","first-page":"224","article-title":"Scrub typhus in Hong Kong","volume":"1961","author":"Webb, J.F.; Hughes, D.T.","unstructured":"Webb JF, Hughes DT. Scrub typhus in Hong Kong. J R Army Med Corps 1961; 107: 224-30.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-135-01-06","article-title":"Rickettsia in the Regiment","volume":"135","author":"Stephenson, R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stephenson R. Rickettsia in the Regiment. J R Army Med Corps 1989; 135: 21-24.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.89","article-title":"Dengue fever in U. S. troops during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, 1992-1993","volume":"53","author":"Sharp, T.W.; Wallace, M.R.; Hayes, C.G.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sharp TW, Wallace MR, Hayes CG et al. Dengue fever in U.S. troops during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, 1992-1993. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 53: 89-94.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540430058033","article-title":"Dengue fever in US military personnel in Haiti","volume":"277","author":"Trofa, A.F.; DeFraites, R.F.; Smoak, B.L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Trofa AF, DeFraites RF, Smoak BL et al. Dengue fever in US military personnel in Haiti. JAMA 1997; 277: 1546\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.020496","article-title":"East Timor Dengue Study Group. Probable dengue virus infection among Italian troops, East Timor, 1999-2000","volume":"9","author":"Peragallo, M.S.; Nicoletti, L.; Lista, F.; D\u2019Amelio, R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peragallo MS, Nicoletti L, Lista F, D\u2019Amelio R; East Timor Dengue Study Group. Probable dengue virus infection among Italian troops, East Timor, 1999-2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9: 876-80.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_37","article-title":"Sandfly (Phelbotomus) Fever. In: The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45: War Surgery and Medicine","author":"Stout, T.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Stout T. Sandfly (Phelbotomus) Fever. In: The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45: War Surgery and Medicine. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch, 1954; Ch 7. Available: www.nzetc.org\/tm\/scholarly\/tei-WH2Surg.html. Accessed 01 April 2010."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"32","article-title":"In: Mussolini: His Part in My Downfall","author":"Milligan, S.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Milligan S. In: Mussolini: His Part in My Downfall. London: Penguin, 1978; Pages 32-41."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2007.02.002","article-title":"Sandfly-fever outbreak in Cyprus: are phleboviruses still a health problem ?","volume":"5","author":"Konstantinou, G.N.; Papa, A.; Antoniadis, A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Konstantinou GN, Papa A, Antoniadis A. Sandfly-fever outbreak in Cyprus: are phleboviruses still a health problem ? Trav Med Infect Dis 2007; 5: 239\u2013242.","journal-title":"Trav Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"949","article-title":"Outbreak of Sandfly Fever in Central Iraq","volume":"173","author":"Ellis, S.B.; Appenzeller, G.; Lee, H.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellis SB, Appenzeller G, Lee H et al. Outbreak of Sandfly Fever in Central Iraq, September 2007. Mil Med 2008; 173: 949-53.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref_41","article-title":"Chikungunya: increase in imported cases","volume":"16","author":"Health Protection Agency","year":"2006","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. Chikungunya: increase in imported cases. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 2006; 16(21). Available: www. hpa.org.uk\/cdr\/archives\/2006\/cdr2106.pdf. Accessed 01 April 2010.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"117","article-title":"A case of Japanese B encephalitis","volume":"100","author":"Hale, J.H.; Farrant, P.C.; Edwards, D.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Hale JH, Farrant PC, Edwards D. A case of Japanese B encephalitis. J R Army Med Corps 1954; 100: 117-20.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_43","article-title":"West Nile virus: US cases in 2006 and update on UK surveillance","author":"Available:","year":"2007","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. West Nile virus: US cases in 2006 and update on UK surveillance. Health Protection Report. 2007; 1(6). Available: www.hpa.org.uk\/hpr\/archives\/2007\/hpr0607.pdf. Accessed 01 April 2010.","journal-title":"Health Protection Report"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"3","article-title":"Introduction: Yellow fever before 1900","author":"Anonymous","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anonymous. Introduction: Yellow fever before 1900. Mil Med 2001; 166 (9): S3-4.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref_45","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever \u2013 Germany ex Afghanistan (02). ProMED-mail [Internet]","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"ProMED-mail","year":"2009","unstructured":"ProMED-mail. Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever \u2013 Germany ex Afghanistan (02). ProMED-mail [Internet] 2009; 09 Nov: 20091109.3883. Available: www.promedmail.org. Accessed 01 April 2010."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001618","article-title":"The medical response to trench nephritis in World War","volume":"70","author":"Atenstaedt, R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atenstaedt R. The medical response to trench nephritis in World War I. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 635-40.","journal-title":"I. Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"126","article-title":"Epidemic hemorrhagic fever attack rates among United Nations troops during the Korean War","volume":"68","author":"Paul, JR, McClure; W.W.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Paul JR, McClure WW. Epidemic hemorrhagic fever attack rates among United Nations troops during the Korean War. Am J Hyg 1958; 68: 126-39.","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91560-3","article-title":"A soldier in respiratory distress","volume":"347","author":"Stuart, L.M.; Rice, P.S.; Lloyd, G.; Beale, R.J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stuart LM, Rice PS, Lloyd G, Beale RJ. A soldier in respiratory distress. Lancet 1996; 347: 30.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","article-title":"Lassa fever, imported \u2013 UK ex Sierra Leone","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"ProMED-mail","year":"2003","unstructured":"ProMED-mail. Lassa fever, imported \u2013 UK ex Sierra Leone. ProMED-mail [Internet] 2003; 10 Feb: 20030210.0360. Available: www.promedmail.org. Accessed 01 April 2010."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31817e34f8","article-title":"Mononucleosis and Athletic Participation: An Evidence-Based Subject","volume":"18","author":"Putukian, M.; O\u2019Connor, F.G.; Stricker, P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Putukian M, O\u2019Connor FG, Stricker P et al. Mononucleosis and Athletic Participation: An Evidence-Based Subject Review. Clin J Sport Med 2008; 18: 309-15.","journal-title":"Review. Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-155-01-11","article-title":"Military tropical medicine","volume":"155","author":"Bailey, M.S.; Ellis, C.J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bailey MS, Ellis CJ. Military tropical medicine. J R Army Med Corps 2009; 155: 34-7.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1086\/340704","volume":"34","author":"Wallace, M.R.; Hale, B.R.; Utz, G.C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wallace MR, Hale BR, Utz GC et al. Endemic Infectious Diseases of Afghanistan. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: S171-207.","journal-title":"Endemic Infectious Diseases of Afghanistan. Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_53","article-title":"Specialist and Reference Microbiology Tests and Services","volume-title":"InfectiousDiseases. Accessed","author":"Health Protection Agency","year":"2010","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. Specialist and Reference Microbiology Tests and Services. Available: www.hpa.org.uk\/ProductsServices\/ InfectiousDiseases. Accessed 01 April 2010."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq144","article-title":"Detailed analysis of health status of Q fever patients 1 year after the first Dutch outbreak: a case-control study","volume":"103","author":"Limonard, G.J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Limonard GJ, Detailed analysis of health status of Q fever patients 1 year after the first Dutch outbreak: a case-control study. QJM 2001; 103: 953-8.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70135-3","article-title":"Long-term outcome of Q fever endocarditis: a 26-year personal survey","volume":"10","author":"Million, M.; Thuny, F.; Richet, H.; Raoult, D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Million M, Thuny F, Richet H, Raoult D. Long-term outcome of Q fever endocarditis: a 26-year personal survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 527-35.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for acute Q fever in The Netherlands in 2007 and 2008 and its relation to hospitalization","volume":"19","author":"Dijkstra, F.; Riphagen-Dalhuisen, J.; Wijers, N.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dijkstra F, Riphagen-Dalhuisen J, Wijers N et al. Antibiotic therapy for acute Q fever in The Netherlands in 2007 and 2008 and its relation to hospitalization. Epidemiol Infect. 2010 Nov 19: 1-10. [Epub ahead of print]","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200209000-00001","article-title":"Azithromycin versus doxycycline for genital chlamydial infections: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Lau, C.Y.; Qureshi, A.K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lau CY, Qureshi AK. Azithromycin versus doxycycline for genital chlamydial infections: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sex Transm Dis. 2002; 29: 497-502.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7423.1078","article-title":"Tolerability of malaria chemoprophylaxis in non-immune travellers to sub-Saharan Africa: multicentre, randomised, double blind, four arm study","volume":"327","author":"Schlagenhauf, P.; Tschopp, A.; Johnson, R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schlagenhauf P, Tschopp A, Johnson R et al. Tolerability of malaria chemoprophylaxis in non-immune travellers to sub-Saharan Africa: multicentre, randomised, double blind, four arm study. BMJ 2003; 327: 1078.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03132.x","article-title":"The past and present threat of vector-borne diseases in deployed troops","volume":"16","author":"Pages, F.; Faulde, M.; Orlandi-Pradines, E.; Parola, P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pages F, Faulde M, Orlandi-Pradines E, Parola P. The past and present threat of vector-borne diseases in deployed troops. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 209-24.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"98","article-title":"Studies on Q fever in man","volume":"69","author":"Benenson, A.S.; Tigertt, W.D.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Benenson AS, Tigertt WD. Studies on Q fever in man. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1956; 69:98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.007","article-title":"Australia\u2019s national Q fever vaccination program","volume":"27","author":"Gidding, H.F.; Wallace, C.; Lawrence, G.L.; McIntyre, P.B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gidding HF, Wallace C, Lawrence GL, McIntyre PB. Australia\u2019s national Q fever vaccination program. Vaccine 2009; 27: 2037-41.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.11.008","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Q fever vaccine: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Gefenaite, G.; Munster, J.M.; van Houdt, R.; Hak, E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gefenaite G, Munster JM, van Houdt R, Hak E. Effectiveness of the Q fever vaccine: a meta-analysis. Vaccine 2011; 29:395-8.","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-157-02-05","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T20:40:27Z","timestamp":1755117627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/militaryhealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-157-02-05"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jramc-157-02-05"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-157-02-05","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-8665","2052-0468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-8665","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-0468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}