{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:56:46Z","timestamp":1792461406836,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J R Army Med Corps"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Explosively propelled fragments are the most common cause of injury to soldiers on current operations. Researchers desire models to predict their injurious effects so as to refine methods of potential protection. Well validated physical and numerical models based on the penetration of standardised fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs) through muscle exist but not for skin, thereby reducing the utility of such models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology to identify all open source information quantifying the effects of postmortem human subject (PMHS) and animal skin on the retardation of metallic projectiles. Projectile sectional density (mass over presented cross-sectional area) was compared with the velocity required for skin perforation or penetration, with regard to skin origin (animal vs PMHS), projectile shape (sphere vs cylinder) and skin backing (isolated skin vs that backed by muscle).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>17 original experimental studies were identified, predominantly using skin from the thigh. No statistical difference in the velocity required for skin perforation with regard to skin origin or projectile shape was found. A greater velocity was required to perforate intact skin on a whole limb than isolated skin alone (p&lt;0.05). An empirical relationship describing the velocity required to perforate skin by metallic FSPs of a range of sectional densities was generated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Skin has a significant effect on the retardation of FSPs, necessitating its incorporation in future injury models. Perforation algorithms based on animal and PMHS skin can be used interchangeably as well as spheres and cylinders of matching sectional density. Future numerical simulations for skin perforation must match the velocity for penetration and also require experimental determination of mechanical skin properties, such as tensile strength, strain and elasticity at high strain rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,4]],"date-time":"2013-06-04T20:34:55Z","timestamp":1370378095000},"page":"265-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Determining the velocity required for skin perforation by fragment simulating projectiles: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Breeze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JC","family":"Clasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Management of small fragment wounds in modern warfare: a return to Hunterian principles?","volume":"79","author":"Bowyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Eng"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-155-04-05"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.3","unstructured":"MacPherson D . Bullet penetration: modeling the dynamics & the incapacitation resulting from wound trauma. 1st edn. El Segundo, California: Ballistic Publications, 1994."},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.4","first-page":"81","article-title":"Rapport entre force vive des balles et la Gravite des Blessures qu'elles Peugeot Causer","volume":"70","author":"Journee","year":"1907","journal-title":"Revue d'Artillerie"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.5","unstructured":"Grundfest H Korr IM McMillen JH . Ballistics of the Penetration of Human Skin by Small Spheres. National Research Council, Division of Medical Sciences, Missile Casualties Report No. 11, 06 July 1945. http:\/\/www.history.amedd.army.mil\/booksdocs\/wwii\/woundblstcs\/chapter2.html (accessed 1 Sep 2012)."},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.039","article-title":"Ballistic skin simulant","volume":"150","author":"Jussila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198106000-00003","article-title":"Penetration and perforation of skin by bullets and missiles. 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An empirical\/mathematical model to estimate the probability of skin penetration by various projectiles . Technical Report ARCSL-TR-78004, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 1978. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/ndia\/2005garm\/tuesday\/hudgins.pdf (accessed 1 Sep 11)."},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.17","unstructured":"Krauss M McDonald WC . The effects of low velocity impacts of eighteen gram sub- missiles on goats and human skulls. US Army Chemical Research and Development Laboratories 1960: 1\u201324. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/cgi-bin\/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc (accessed 2 Sep 2011)."},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.18","first-page":"268","article-title":"Skin perforation and skin simulants","volume":"34","author":"Haag","year":"2002","journal-title":"AFTE J"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.19","first-page":"56","article-title":"Standard steel BB perforation of fresh pigskin over standard ordnance gelatin","volume":"42","author":"Haag","year":"2010","journal-title":"AFTE J"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.20","unstructured":"Kokinakis W Sperrazza J . Criteria for incapacitating soldiers with fragments and flechettes. 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ISBN: 9780415316019."},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.26","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Skin Res Tech","volume":"7","author":"Silver","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198904000-00014","article-title":"Animal models of human tissue expansion","volume":"83","author":"Bartell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025081307365523000_159.4.265.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.429621"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-2013-000070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T14:37:07Z","timestamp":1755095827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/militaryhealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-2013-000070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jramc-2013-000070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2013-000070","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-8665","2052-0468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-8665","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-0468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]]}}}