{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:38:36Z","timestamp":1755225516794,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J R Army Med Corps"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated the potential of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. for intentional transmission as a terrorist tactic in asymmetric conflicts in terms of the recognised optimum conditions for biological warfare.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Published and widely accepted criteria regarding the optimum conditions for the success of biological warfare based on experience from passive biological warfare research were applied to hypothetical intentional <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. transmission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The feasibility of the use of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. transmission for terrorist purposes was established. Particularly on tropical deployments with poor hygiene conditions, such attacks might have a good chance of remaining undetected as a deliberate terrorist attack.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intentional transmission should be suspected in cases of sudden outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, particularly where adequate food and drinking water hygiene precautions are being enforced. Appropriate diagnostic procedures should be available so that the diagnosis is not missed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]],"date-time":"2013-12-03T22:30:54Z","timestamp":1386109854000},"page":"289-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An evaluation of the potential use of <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i> species as agents for deliberate release"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Ralf Matthias","family":"Hagen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U","family":"Loderstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, 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