{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:36:36Z","timestamp":1787016996308,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Impact and Armour Group"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J R Army Med Corps"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this paper was to examine any injuries from posterior behind armour blunt trauma ballistic impacts directly over the spine onto typical hard body armours. Due to the spine being close to the surface of the skin and a lack of any previous specific research into this topic, this study was designed to gain preliminary insight into the mechanisms involved and injuries caused. Pigs were chosen as the closest representative of human spine, tissue and skin, although their spines are deeper under the surface than humans. Baseline spine and ribs shots were conducted to ensure that the study was effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used a 65\u2009kg cadaveric pig eviscerated torso and 7.62 NATO ammunition (7.62\u00d751; L2A2; mean velocity=838 m\/s, SD=4 m\/s) impacting hard body armour plates over the spine. Injuries were inspected, and sections were removed for X-ray and micro-CT assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no visible soft tissue damage under the impact point on the armour over the spine, and no bony injuries were reported. Baseline rib shots resulted in multiple rib fractures; some showed minimal displacement of the bone. Baseline spine shot resulted in damage across the spine involving spinal cord and bone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No injuries were noted from the spinal impacts, and the rib shots resulted in injuries consistent with those previously reported. The anatomical differences between pigs and humans does not preclude that bony injuries could occur in a human from these types of spinal ballistic impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T09:50:14Z","timestamp":1526896214000},"page":"186-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preliminary study into the skeletal injuries sustained to the spine from posterior non-perforating ballistic impacts into body armour"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Rosalind M","family":"Jennings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Malbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4995-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S E","family":"Harrisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9476-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D J","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-1","volume-title":"Advances in military textiles and design","author":"Horsfall","year":"2012"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-2","volume-title":"Modern body armour and helmets: an introduction","author":"Tobin","year":"2006"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-147-01-09","article-title":"Behind armour blunt trauma--an emerging problem","volume":"147","author":"Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000161","article-title":"Is behind armour blunt trauma a real threat to users of body armour? A systematic review","volume":"162","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-5","volume-title":"Physiological results of NATO BABT experiments","author":"Sarron","year":"2000"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-6","volume-title":"The \u201cTwin Peaks\u201d of BABT","author":"van Bree","year":"2000"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.05.022","article-title":"Comparison of thoracic wall behavior in large animals and human cadavers submitted to an identical ballistic blunt thoracic trauma","volume":"222","author":"Prat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldfarb MA\n, \nCiurej TF\n, \nWeinstein MA\n, et al\n. \u00a0Technical Report EB-TR-74073. A method for soft body armor evaluation: medical assessment [Internet]. Edgewood Arsenal. 1975. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a005575.pdf","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA005575"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2006.11076702","article-title":"Injury risk in behind armor blunt thoracic trauma","volume":"12","author":"Bass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-10","first-page":"1680","article-title":"Neurological, functional, and biomechanical characteristics after high-velocity behind armor blunt trauma of the spine","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-11","volume-title":"HOSDB Body Armour Standards for UK Police (2007) Part 2: Ballistic Resistance. Crown Copyright","author":"Croft","year":"2007"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-12","unstructured":"Firth N\n\n. Soldier had sniper\u2019s bullet pulled from his back by comrade after being shot by Taliban | Daily Mail Online. 2009. http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-1191872\/Soldier-snipers-bullet-pulled-comrade-shot-Taliban.html (cited 17 Jun 2017)."},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-13","unstructured":"\u00a0Ministry of Defence. Body armour saves soldier\u2019s life in Afghanistan - GOV.UK. 2010. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/body-armour-saves-soldiers-life-in-afghanistan (cited 17 Jun 2017)."},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-14","volume-title":"A review of the work of the Task Group on Behind Armour Blunt Trauma","author":"Anderson","year":"2002"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-012-0175-0","article-title":"Contemporary body armor: technical data, injuries, and limits","volume":"38","author":"Prat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.08.016","article-title":"Characterization of the anisotropic mechanical properties of excised human skin","volume":"5","author":"N\u00ed Annaidh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.02.008","article-title":"Palpation identification of spinous processes in the lumbar spine","volume":"12","author":"Harlick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2017.0227","article-title":"Rise of the Pigs: utilization of the porcine model to study musculoskeletal biomechanics and tissue engineering during skeletal growth","volume":"23","author":"Cone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part C Methods"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811402846","article-title":"Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing","volume":"49","author":"Swindle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T14:45:13Z","timestamp":1601045113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jramc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2017-000893","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-8665","2052-0468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-8665","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-0468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]}}}