{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:10:56Z","timestamp":1790039456592,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J R Army Med Corps"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan provided military surgeons from the USA and the UK with extensive experience into the management of injuries to the head, face and neck (HFN) from high energy bullets and explosive weaponry. The challenge is now to maintain the expertise in managing such injuries for future military deployments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The manner in which each country approaches four parameters required for a surgeon to competently treat HFN wounds in deployed military environments was compared. These comprised initial surgical training (residency\/registrar training), surgical fellowships, hospital type and appointment as an attending (USA) or consultant (UK) and predeployment training.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neither country has residents\/registrars undertaking surgical training that is military specific. The Major Trauma and Reconstructive Fellowship based in Birmingham UK and the Craniomaxillofacial Trauma fellowship at Duke University USA provide additional training directly applicable to managing HFN trauma on deployment. Placement in level 1 trauma\/major trauma centres is encouraged by both countries but is not mandatory. US surgeons attend one of three single-service predeployment courses, of which HFN skills are taught on both cadavers and in a 1-week clinical placement in a level 1 trauma centre. UK surgeons attend the Military Operational Surgical Training programme, a 1-week course that includes 1\u2009day dedicated to teaching HFN injury management on cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple specialties of surgeon seen in the civilian environment are unlikely to be present, necessitating development of extended competencies. Military-tailored fellowships are capable of generating most of these skills early in a career. Regular training courses including simulation are required to maintain such skills and should not be given only immediately prior to deployment. Strong evidence exists that military consultants and attendings should only work at level 1\/major trauma centres.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2018-000971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T07:40:15Z","timestamp":1526456415000},"page":"183-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["How are we currently training and maintaining clinical readiness of US and UK military surgeons responsible for managing head, face and neck wounds on deployment?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2352-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Breeze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J G","family":"Combes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"DuBose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C-STARS (Center for the Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills), R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D B","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 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sustained in Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"49","author":"Breeze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2025081314252125000_164.3.183.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.10.030","article-title":"Characterization of mandibular fractures incurred from battle injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2001-2010","volume":"71","author":"Zachar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2025081314252125000_164.3.183.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breeze J , Blanch R , Baden J , et al . Skill sets required for the management of military head, face and neck trauma: a multidisciplinary consensus statement. J R Army Med Corps 2018. doi: 10.1136\/jramc-2017-000881. [Epub ahead of print].doi:10.1136\/jramc-2017-000881","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2017-000881"},{"key":"2025081314252125000_164.3.183.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.01.004","article-title":"How will we produce the next generation of military surgeons? 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