{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:40:33Z","timestamp":1755225633057,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Mil Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Alleged and confirmed abuse of civilians arrested or detained by the UK Armed Forces has been the subject of four formal enquiries, and all have used medical evidence and\/or addressed medical issues. After the first three, robust policies were put in place to ensure that all those arrested had appropriate medical examinations and that healthcare personnel acted appropriately. However, by the time of the Second Gulf War, the training and medical processes had lapsed and were found to be a contributory factor in not preventing abuse. The fourth enquiry has endorsed most of the lapsed policies but is ambiguous in two areas\u2014on medical certification of fitness for interrogation and the timing to the first medical examination. This article summarises the medical aspects of the four enquiries and discusses the two ambiguous areas, arguing that to diverge from the policies eventually put in place in Northern Ireland is a retrograde step. It also discusses how training put in place to avoid the very events which occurred in the Second Gulf was discontinued.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2019-001156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T14:25:26Z","timestamp":1555770326000},"page":"23-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Medical services policy in respect of detainees: evolution and outstanding issues"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Lillywhite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Global Health Security, The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.1","unstructured":"The Geneva Conventions Act . (as amended) accessed September 2014 at, 1957. Available: http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/Eliz2\/5-6\/52\/contents"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.2","unstructured":"\u201cRevised Code of Practice for the Detention, Treatment and Questioning of Persons by Police Officers \u2013 Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984 (PACE) \u2013 CODE C, paragraph 9.8. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/117589\/pace-code-c-2012.pdf"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.3","unstructured":"Intelligence and security Committee of Parliament Detainee mistreatment and Rendition: 2001-2010 2018. HC 1113 printed 28 June."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.4","unstructured":"Intelligence and security Committee of Parliament Detainee mistreatment and Rendition: current issues HC 1114, 2018."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Review of the Red Cross . Strengthening IHL protecting persons deprived of their liberty: main aspects of the consultations and discussions since 2011 2016;98:941\u201359.","DOI":"10.1017\/S181638311700056X"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.6","unstructured":"Mr Roderick Bowen QC :Procedures for the Arrest, Interrogation and Detention of Suspected Terrorists in Aden HM Stationary Office Cmnd 3165 1966. dated 14 November."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.7","unstructured":"Sir Edmund Compton : Report of the Enquiry into allegations against the security forces of physical brutality in Northern Ireland arising out of the events on the 9th August 1971: Cmnd 4823, Her Majesty\u2019s Stationary Office dated November 1971."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.8","unstructured":"Lord Parker: report of the committee of privy counsellors appointed to consider the authorised procedures for the interrogation of persons suspected of terrorism Cmnd 4901. Her Majesty\u2019s Stationary Office 1972."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.9","unstructured":"Joint Intelligence Committee JIC(A)(72) (Final) pf 29 . Directive on interrogation by the armed forces in internal security operations, 1972. Available: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20120215203912\/http:\/\/www.bahamousainquiry.org\/linkedfiles\/bah a_mousa\/baha_mousa_inquiry_evidence\/evidence180510\/cab001020.pdf"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.10","unstructured":"DUS MOD . Disclosed as evidence during Baha Mousa inquiry reference MOD046223 1974. (Army)\/514\/74 dated 6 November."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.11","unstructured":"The Baha Mousa public inquiry report, London, HMSO, 8 SEP 2011 available at. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/the-baha-mousa-public-inquiry-report [Accessed 11 Sep 2014]."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.12","unstructured":"Article 127 of the third Geneva convention."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.13","unstructured":"Part XVI Annex 1 of Baha Mousa report."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.14","unstructured":"General Medical Council, duties of a doctor. Paragraphs 19-21. Available: http:\/\/www.gmcuk.org\/guidance\/good_medical_practice\/duties_of_a_doctor.asp [Accessed 11 September 2014]."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.15","unstructured":"MOD DUS(Army)\/115\/74 . Disclosed to the Baha Mousa inquiry as document MOD046230 1974. dated 5 November."},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.16","unstructured":"The National Archives. Available:. Available: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20120215203912\/http:\/\/www.bahamousainquiry.org\/linkedfiles\/bah a_mousa\/baha_mousa_inquiry_evidence\/evidence180510\/2010-18-05-day95fullday.pdf"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.17","unstructured":"Evidence of air Commodore Wilcock and report of Professor Nathanson, day 110 archived at, 2014 on 11 September. Available: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20120215203912\/http:\/\/www.bahamousainquiry.org\/baha_mousa_i nquiry_evidence\/evidencev1.htm"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.18","unstructured":"Evidence of Dr Payne-James day 114 archived at, 2014 on 11 September. Available: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20120215203912\/http:\/\/www.bahamousainquiry.org\/baha_mousa_i nquiry_evidence\/evidencev1.htm"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.19","unstructured":"Principle 4b of the 'Principle of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Available: http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/ProfessionalInterest\/Pages\/MedicalEthics.aspx"},{"key":"2025081308070192000_167.1.23.20","unstructured":"For further information see the discussion in the Baha Mousa report Vol III, Para 16. 161."}],"container-title":["BMJ Military Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-2019-001156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T15:07:09Z","timestamp":1755097629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/militaryhealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jramc-2019-001156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jramc-2019-001156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2019-001156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-3767","2633-3775"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2633-3767"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2633-3775"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]]}}}