{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:40:19Z","timestamp":1761129619326,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550620800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Mil Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Combat-related extremity injuries are regularly associated with long-term complications such as chronic infection, especially osteomyelitis. Clinical examination and laboratory parameters do not usually allow reliable diagnosis. In contrast, imaging techniques enable constructive assertions to be made about the location and extent of an infection of the peripheral musculoskeletal system. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the diagnostic reliability of three-phase bone scanning and antigranulocyte scintigraphy using Tc-99m-sulesomab (Leukoscan) in the diagnostic clarification of infections associated with combat-related extremity injuries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-seven male patients (mean age 33.9 years) with suspected combat-associated infections of the extremities were included in this retrospective analysis. All patients underwent three-phase bone scanning using Tc-99m-HDP followed by antigranulocyte scintigraphy with Tc-99m-sulesomab. In 26 of the 27 patients, a CT scan of affected limb was obtained, where the secondary fusion with single photon emission CT data set was possible. The diagnostic reliability of imaging techniques was validated against microbiological samples obtained during surgery and used as gold standard.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three-phase bone scanning yielded a positive result in all patients, with 18 scans classified as true positive (TP) and nine scans as false positive (FP). This produced a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 0% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 67%. Antigranulocyte scintigraphy recognised 13 patients as TP, 1 patient as FP, 8 patients as true negative (TN) and 5 patients as false negative (FN), which gave a sensitivity of 72%, a specificity of 88%, a PPV of 93%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 62% and an accuracy of 78%. CT recognised in 7 cases a TP result, in 3 cases an FP, in 5 cases a TN and in 11 cases an FN result. This produced a sensitivity of 39%, a specificity of 63%, a PPV of 70%, an NPV of 31% and an accuracy of 46%.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three-phase bone scanning did not deliver any diagnostic benefit, since no result was able to differentiate unequivocally between infection-related and reactive changes. Antigranulocyte scintigraphy using Tc-99m-sulesomab represented a highly suitable technique for diagnostically clarifying combat-related infections of the extremities. It is superior to CT in sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2019-001172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T11:58:34Z","timestamp":1550663914000},"page":"8-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Value of antigranulocyte scintigraphy with Tc-99m-sulesomab in diagnosing combat-related infections of the musculoskeletal system"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Loessel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Starke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Septic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Stichling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Septic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Willy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Septic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081308561204000_167.1.8.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2014.09.035","article-title":"Outcomes after long-term follow-up of combat-related extremity injuries in a multidisciplinary limb salvage clinic","volume":"29","author":"Casey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"2025081308561204000_167.1.8.2","first-page":"S109","article-title":"Infectious complications of combat-related mangled extremity injuries in the British military","volume":"69","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"2025081308561204000_167.1.8.3","first-page":"S239","article-title":"Prevention and management of infections associated with combat-related extremity injuries","volume":"64","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care"},{"key":"2025081308561204000_167.1.8.4","first-page":"252","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant chronic osteomyelitis complicating war injury in Iraqi civilians","volume":"71","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care"},{"key":"2025081308561204000_167.1.8.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2012.0257"},{"key":"2025081308561204000_167.1.8.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3221-4","article-title":"The diagnostic value of [18F]FDG PET for the detection of chronic osteomyelitis and implant-associated infection","volume":"43","author":"Wenter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025081308561204000_167.1.8.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-007-1302-y","article-title":"[Diagnosis of chronic osteitis of the bones in the extremities. 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