{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:24:50Z","timestamp":1781018690734,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a study of Gullah African\u2013Americans, we compared pregnancy outcomes before and after systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis to controls to test whether there is a predisease state that negativelyaffects pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cases and controls reporting at least one pregnancy were included. Controls were all Gullah African-American females. We collected demographic, socioeconomic and pregnancy data. We modelled pregnancy outcome associations with case status using multiple logistic regression to calculate ORs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After adjustment for age, years of education, medical coverage and pregnancy number, compared with controls, cases were more likely to have any adverse outcome (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.78 to 3.10), including stillbirth (OR 4.55, 95% CI 1.53 to 13.50), spontaneous abortion (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.40 to 3.00), preterm birth (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.58 to 4.20), low birth weight (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.61 to 4.34) and preeclampsia (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.01). The odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes all increased after SLE diagnosis compared with before diagnosis, even after adjustment for age, years of education, pregnancy number and medical coverage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From a large cohort of African\u2013American women, our findings suggest there may be a predisease state that predisposes to adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2014-000020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T21:41:13Z","timestamp":1402350073000},"page":"e000020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Pregnancy outcomes among African\u2013American patients with systemic lupus erythematosus compared with controls"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"April","family":"Barnado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Wheless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary S","family":"Gilkeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 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