{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:34:48Z","timestamp":1787830488073,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018817","name":"Lupus UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>When faced with clinical symptoms of scarring alopecia\u2014the standard diagnostic pathway involves a scalp biopsy which is an invasive and expensive procedure. This project aimed to assess if plucked hair follicles (HFs) containing living epithelial cells can offer a non-invasive approach to diagnosing inflammatory scalp lesions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lesional and non-lesional HFs were extracted from the scalp of patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), psoriasis and healthy controls. RNA was isolated from plucked anagen HFs and microarray, as well as quantitative real-time PCR was performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Here, we report that gene expression analysis of only a small number of HF plucked from lesional areas of the scalp is sufficient to differentiate CDLE from psoriasis lesions or healthy HF. The expression profile from CDLE HFs coincides with published profiles of CDLE from skin biopsy. Genes that were highly expressed in lesional CDLE corresponded to well-known histopathological diagnostic features of CDLE and included those related to apoptotic cell death, the interferon signature, complement components and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We therefore propose that information obtained from this non-invasive approach are sufficient to diagnose scalp lupus erythematosus. Once validated in routine clinical settings and compared with other scarring alopecias, this rapid and non-invasive approach will have great potential for paving the way for future diagnosis of inflammatory scalp lesions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2019-000328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T07:35:26Z","timestamp":1563176126000},"page":"e000328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Plucked hair follicles from patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus show a disease-specific molecular signature"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shalbaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institue of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adewonuola A","family":"Alase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institue of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Berekmeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institue of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Yuzaiful","family":"Md Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institue of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Pistolic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J","family":"Goodfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Edward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia V","family":"Botchkareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Stacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward M","family":"Vital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institue of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2328-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Wittmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institue of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.01.031"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10272.x."},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09313.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.039","article-title":"Histologic features of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus of the scalp using horizontal sectioning: Emphasis on follicular findings","volume":"77","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00670.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12653","article-title":"The impact of skin damage due to cutaneous lupus on quality of life","volume":"170","author":"Verma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.96"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.269"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1586\/edm.11.39","article-title":"Cytokines in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Wittmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.10","first-page":"200","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus: insights into pathogenesis and disease classification","volume":"65","author":"Werth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1963.140","article-title":"The Application of the Fluorescent Antibody Technic to the Investigation of Lupus Erythematosus and Various Dermatoses","volume":"41","author":"Burnham","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31801996000200007"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000086436"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.09.058","article-title":"Primary cicatricial alopecia: lymphocytic primary cicatricial alopecias, including chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia, and Graham-Little syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Bolduc","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.244"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213386","article-title":"Prediction of autoimmune connective tissue disease in an at-risk cohort: prognostic value of a novel two-score system for interferon status","volume":"77","author":"Md Yusof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06784.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21034"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.317"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01160.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.05.004"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.014"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.23","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Evidence that the bulge region is a site of relative immune privilege in human hair follicles","volume":"159","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2012.07.008","article-title":"Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on the immune privilege of human hair follicles","volume":"47","author":"Pi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00035","article-title":"Clearance deficiency and cell death pathways: a model for the pathogenesis of SLE","volume":"7","author":"Mahajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2004.10.007"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.03.018","article-title":"Immunostimulatory endogenous nucleic acids drive the lesional inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"137","author":"Scholtissek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000014623"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.149","article-title":"Type I IFNs at the interface between cutaneous immunity and epidermal remodeling","volume":"132","author":"Conrad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148450","article-title":"Molecular and cellular profiling of scalp psoriasis reveals differences and similarities compared to skin psoriasis","volume":"11","author":"Ruano","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05862.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1755810"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu1041oa"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199908000-00003"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1721"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.11.004","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) peripheral blood identifies systemic alterations relevant to the skin manifestation","volume":"105","author":"Dey-Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.06.003"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.110","article-title":"Oligoadenylate synthase-like (OASL) proteins: dual functions and associations with diseases","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411746111"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35055027"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12216","article-title":"Apoptotic signal molecules in skin biopsies of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: analysis using tissue microarray","volume":"22","author":"Toberer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10825.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00556.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12428","article-title":"Ultraviolet light protection by a sunscreen prevents interferon-driven skin inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"Zahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213197","article-title":"Photosensitivity and type I IFN responses in cutaneous lupus are driven by epidermal-derived interferon kappa","volume":"77","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.86"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09074.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4233","article-title":"Lichen planopilaris is characterized by immune privilege collapse of the hair follicle's epithelial stem cell niche","volume":"231","author":"Harries","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63151-3"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.3.1141"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12002.x"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-013-1381-2"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korntner S , Lehner C , Gehwolf R , et al . Limiting angiogenesis to modulate scar formation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018. doi:doi:10.1016\/j.addr.2018.02.010. [Epub ahead of print: 03 Mar 2018].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.02.010"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8792"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12285633"},{"key":"2025091512371096000_6.1.e000328.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4444"}],"container-title":["Lupus Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2019-000328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T19:37:22Z","timestamp":1757965042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lupus.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2019-000328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/lupus-2019-000328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2019-000328","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}}}