{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T21:18:03Z","timestamp":1758057483373,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000130","name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01DP006700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01DP006700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent complication of SLE, occurring in up to 60% of adult patients and ultimately progressing from acute inflammation to chronicity with fibrosis and end-stage kidney failure in 10%\u201330% of patients. Racial\/ethnic minority patients with lupus have worse long-term outcomes, including progression to end-stage renal disease and overall mortality. A major challenge in the management of patients with SLE is delayed identification of early kidney disease, which ultimately leads to a greater burden on both patients and the health system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using a mixed methods approach, this study will develop, adapt and evaluate a home urine sampling protocol with a text-messaging reminder and data capture system for patients at elevated risk of de novo LN or relapse. First, a feasibility pilot using a single-group trial design (n=18) will be implemented, with a feasibility assessment and qualitative, debriefing interviews with patients to further refine the intervention. The second phase is a comparative effectiveness trial of the intervention (n=160) with the primary outcome of biopsy eligibility, that is, the participant has a clinical indication for a kidney biopsy (urine protein\u2013creatinine ratio\u22650.5), whether or not the patient actually undergoes the biopsy procedure. The randomised trial includes an economic evaluation of the adapted home urinalysis protocol.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is unknown whether weekly home-based urine sampling can identify proteinuria sooner than standard care; if found sooner, kidney problems could be diagnosed earlier, hopefully leading to earlier care for less-involved disease and subsequent reduced morbidity. The data collected in this trial will inform future feasibility and effectiveness of text-messaging-based home urine sampling interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The randomised trial will be registered with ClincialTrials.gov prior to enrolment start.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T02:35:12Z","timestamp":1732242912000},"page":"e001390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation and randomised controlled trial of home urinalysis testing in patients with SLE at elevated risk for developing lupus nephritis: a study 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