{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:38:55Z","timestamp":1787017135939,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR072655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR072655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AR061441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AR061441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in modulating the innate and adaptive immune response, but its role in cutaneous autoimmune diseases, such as cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), is less well studied. An improved understanding of the metabolic pathways dysregulated in CLE may lead to novel treatment options, biomarkers and insights into disease pathogenesis. The objective was to compare metabolomic profiles in the skin and sera of CLE and control patients using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional pilot study comparing metabolomic sera and skin profiles of patients with CLE and normal controls. Patients were recruited from outpatient dermatology clinics at the University of Texas Southwestern and Parkland Health in Dallas, Texas, from January 2019 to October 2020. Skin and serum samples underwent LC-MS analysis. Disease sample metabolite levels were compared with controls, with significance levels adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      17 serum samples (9 CLE, 8 control) and 11 skin samples (5 CLE, 6 control) were analysed using LC-MS, yielding 313 known unique metabolic structures from CLE samples. Patients with CLE were found to have 11 metabolites of differential abundance in the skin, but only 2 in the sera. CLE skin showed increased levels of citrulline (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      fold change (FC)=1.15, p=0.02) and uracil (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      FC=1.79, p=0.04), and downregulation of cyclic ADP ribose (cADPr) (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      FC=0.83, p=0.04), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      FC=0.75, p=0.016) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      FC=0.86, p=0.016) versus control skin. CLE sera had increased arabinose (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      FC=1.17, p=0.02) and cystine (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      FC=1.04, p=0.03) compared with control sera.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Metabolites associated with the NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      pathway may be dysregulated in the skin of patients with CLE. Available treatments including nicotinamide supplementation and anti-CD38 biologics that can correct these abnormalities can be further investigated in patients with CLE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T06:40:11Z","timestamp":1737787211000},"page":"e001401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Metabolic profiles of cutaneous lupus have abnormalities in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pathway"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laila F","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahir","family":"Chamseddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hieu","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv L","family":"Nijhawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin F","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7592-1_2","article-title":"Metabolomics in Immunology Research","volume":"1730","author":"Everts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00046.2020"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.006"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0000000000000737"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.014"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.597959"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2023325"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell SRP , Nguyen VA , Walton NM , et al . Mezagitamab in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and mechanistic findings of CD38 inhibition in an autoimmune disease. Lupus Sci Med 2024;11. doi:10.1136\/lupus-2023-001112","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2023-001112"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01187"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186459","article-title":"An open-label, non-randomized study of the pharmacokinetics of the nutritional supplement nicotinamide riboside (NR) and its effects on blood NAD+ levels in healthy volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Airhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.11","first-page":"7","article-title":"Nicotinamide: An Update and Review of Safety & Differences from Niacin","volume":"25","author":"Huber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skin Therapy Lett"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15628","article-title":"Topical niacinamide (Nicotinamide) treatment for discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE): A prospective pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Nouh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139828","article-title":"Boosting NAD+ blunts TLR4-induced type I IFN in control and systemic lupus erythematosus monocytes","volume":"132","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14137","article-title":"The effects of the oral supplementation of L\u2010Cystine associated with reduced L\u2010Glutathione\u2010GSH on human skin pigmentation: a randomized, double\u2010blinded, benchmark\u2010 and placebo\u2010controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Duperray","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"2025091513203349000_12.1.e001401.15","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Comprehensive metabolome analyses reveal N-acetylcysteine-responsive accumulation of kynurenine in systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin","volume":"11","author":"Perl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics (Los Angel)"}],"container-title":["Lupus Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2024-001401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T20:20:46Z","timestamp":1757967646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lupus.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2024-001401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/lupus-2024-001401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2024-001401","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}