{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:39:57Z","timestamp":1784677197847,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the clinical features and treatment outcomes of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (anti-LGI1) encephalitis in patients with SLE.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Between October 2014 and April 2024, serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from 332 patients with SLE suspected of autoimmune encephalitis. Cell-based assays were used to detect autoimmune antibodies, including anti-LGI1 antibodies. Four patients tested positive for anti-LGI1 antibodies, and their clinical, radiological and treatment data were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All four patients exhibited signs of limbic encephalitis, including short-term memory deficits, seizures and psychiatric disturbances. Two cases also presented with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. MRI findings revealed hyperintense basal ganglia lesions in two patients. Treatment with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and mycophenolate mofetil led to significant improvement in three patients, with no relapses during a follow-up period ranging from 33 to 60 months. One patient succumbed to pneumonia despite initial improvement of neurological function.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Screening for anti-LGI1 antibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is crucial when limbic encephalitis presents, as it enables timely and effective treatment, potentially improving patients\u2019 outcomes. Additional basic and clinical research is required to clarify the pathogenic role of these antibodies in NPSLE.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T12:25:43Z","timestamp":1739881543000},"page":"e001429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Autoimmune encephalitis associated with anti-LGI1 antibody: a potential cause of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sixian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangzhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4171-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3903-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongzhi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102780","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: A review","volume":"20","author":"Carri\u00f3n-Barber\u00e0","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa104","article-title":"Distinctive binding properties of human monoclonal LGI1 autoantibodies determine pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"143","author":"Ramberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.4.502","article-title":"Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02747-6","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus with neurogenic pulmonary edema and anti-\u03b1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor limbic encephalitis: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000161","article-title":"Basal ganglia T1 hyperintensity in LGI1-autoantibody faciobrachial dystonic seizures","volume":"2","author":"Flanagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001086","article-title":"CSF Findings in Acute NMDAR and LGI1 Antibody-Associated Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"8","author":"D\u00fcrr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327302"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.009","article-title":"The role of B cells and autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric lupus","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann-Horn K , Irani SR , Wang S , et al . Intrathecal B-cell activation in LGI1 antibody encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020;7. doi:10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000669","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000669"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.12","first-page":"3144","article-title":"LGI1 antibodies alter Kv1.1 and AMPA receptors changing synaptic excitability, plasticity and memory","volume":"141","author":"Petit-Pedrol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40356","article-title":"Understanding the Antibody Repertoire in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Do They Share Common Targets?","volume":"70","author":"Mader","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000956","article-title":"Reversible Cerebral Vasculopathy, Transverse Myelitis, and Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in an Aquaporin-4 Antibody-Positive Patient","volume":"8","author":"Gritsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2025091512450612000_12.1.e001429.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25908","article-title":"Absence of Neuronal Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"88","author":"Varley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"}],"container-title":["Lupus Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2024-001429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T19:45:14Z","timestamp":1757965514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lupus.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2024-001429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/lupus-2024-001429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2024-001429","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}