{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:30:31Z","timestamp":1792510231298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]],"date-time":"2025-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749945600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":165,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021BCA123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BCA123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AFD046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFD046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AFD108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFD108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2406903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2406903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aim to assess the cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) by using an MRI-based technique and examine the relationship between OEF and cognition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>43 SLE patients (18 NPSLE and 25 non-NPSLE) and 26 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Cognitive function was assessed via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). OEF was calculated by quantitative susceptibility mapping plus quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent model (QQ). Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of OEF was performed. In subcortical grey matter structures, regional OEF values were measured, and their relationship with MoCA scores was explored.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis revealed significant changes of OEF primarily in the limbic system, including the orbitofrontal cortex and bilateral insular lobes, among HC, non-NPSLE and NPSLE groups. Regional analysis indicated reduced OEF values in subregions of the amygdala, hippocampus and caudate nucleus in non-NPSLE compared with HC, with decreasing trends observed in all selected regions of subcortical grey matter structures. In the right hippocampus, OEF values were increased in NPSLE patients compared with non-NPSLE patients. Considering all subjects in the study, OEF values in the bilateral medial amygdalae, right lateral amygdala, left rostral hippocampus and right dorsal caudate nucleus were positively correlated with MoCA scores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cerebral OEF mapping in patients with SLE is readily available using the MRI-based QQ method, which has the potential to serve as an adjunctive tool for diagnosing NPSLE and monitoring cognitive impairment in SLE.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2025-001522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T01:30:25Z","timestamp":1750123825000},"page":"e001522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of MRI-based brain oxygen extraction fraction mapping in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuoqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6586-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7976-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaolong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3552-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3816-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0826-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junghun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingli","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0001-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00668-1"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0156-8"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa404"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.03.001"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210045"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40591","article-title":"Review: Nervous System Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"71","author":"Hanly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000822"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew341"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06076.x"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12727"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29272"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.035674"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27264"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01444-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation increases oxygen extraction in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.535441","article-title":"Initial Experience of Challenge-Free MRI-Based Oxygen Extraction Fraction Mapping of Ischemic Stroke at Various Stages: Comparison With Perfusion and Diffusion Mapping","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211048031","article-title":"Brain oxygen extraction fraction mapping in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019182726","article-title":"Brain Oxygen Extraction by Using MRI in Older Individuals: Relationship to Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Amyloid Burden","volume":"292","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biondetti E , Cho J , Lee H . Cerebral oxygen metabolism from MRI susceptibility. Neuroimage 2023;276. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120189"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000655"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152480","article-title":"Role of F-18 FDG PET-CT in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"132","author":"Berndorfler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117136","article-title":"Quantification of brain oxygen extraction and metabolism with [15O]-gas PET: A technical review in the era of PET\/MRI","volume":"220","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27967"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20973951"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu384"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.28","first-page":"288","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000","volume":"29","author":"Gladman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2021-000580","article-title":"Evaluation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in SLE","volume":"8","author":"Raghunath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26946"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2749298"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12923","article-title":"Global cerebrospinal fluid as a zero-reference regularization for brain quantitative susceptibility mapping","volume":"32","author":"Dimov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27135"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26475"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2839"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28875","article-title":"Temporal clustering, tissue composition, and total variation for mapping oxygen extraction fraction using QSM and quantitative BOLD","volume":"86","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang A , Zhuang H , Du L , et al . Evaluation of whole-brain oxygen metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease using QSM and quantitative BOLD. Neuroimage 2023;282. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120381"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18764829","article-title":"Evaluation of oxygen extraction fraction in systemic lupus erythematosus patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping","volume":"39","author":"Miyata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le LNN , Wheeler GJ , Fletcher E , et al . Assessment of brain oxygen extraction fraction between normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment in an elderly cohort using quantitative BOLD. Alzheimers Dement 2023;19. doi:10.1002\/alz.081821","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.081821"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001214","article-title":"Effects of systemic lupus erythematosus on the brain: a systematic review of structural MRI findings and their relationships with cognitive dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Vald\u00e9s Cabrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319887793"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.121","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus-related brain abnormalities in the default mode network and the limbic system: A resting-state fMRI meta-analysis","volume":"355","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30458"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.04.002"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312459104"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.10.010"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22419"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608397104"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.011"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124002","article-title":"Metabolic and microstructural alterations in the SLE brain correlate with cognitive impairment","volume":"4","author":"Mackay","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.85"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102911","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in SLE: An understudied clinical manifestation","volume":"132","author":"Mizrachi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.12.021"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00821-9"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56694","article-title":"The caudate nucleus contributes causally to decisions that balance reward and uncertain visual information","volume":"9","author":"Doi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23566"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0226"},{"key":"2025091514061493000_12.1.e001522.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133210","article-title":"Recent Topics on The Mechanisms of Immunosuppressive Therapy-Related Neurotoxicities","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Lupus Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2025-001522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T21:06:25Z","timestamp":1757970385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lupus.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2025-001522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/lupus-2025-001522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2025-001522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}