{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:18:30Z","timestamp":1781158710028,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand\u2019s National Science, Research, and Innovation Fund","award":["200522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200522"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SLE is an autoimmune disease that varies across ethnic populations and the regions that cause economic burdens, but nationwide epidemiological data for Thailand are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the incidence and prevalence of SLE in Thailand between 2017 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study used the Information and Communication Technology Center, Ministry of Public Health, covering all major healthcare insurance systems (nearly 90% of hospitals, about 80% of the Thai population). Adults (\u226518 years) with a primary diagnosis of SLE (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision code M32) were included. Point and period prevalence (per 100\u2009000 population) and annual incidence rates (per 100\u2009000 person-years) were calculated overall and stratified by year, age, sex and region, with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2017, 55\u2009956 prevalent cases were identified among 65\u2009204\u2009797 of the total Thai population, yielding a point prevalence of 85.8\/100 000 (95 % CI 85.1 to 86.5). Prevalence was highest in women (152.9 vs 15.9\/100\u2009000; female-to-male ratio 9.6:1), in the 40\u201349 year age group (128.3\/100\u2009000) and in the southern region (178.5\/100\u2009000). From 2018 to 2020, incident SLE cases numbered 15 403, 16 243 and 15 925, corresponding to annual incidence rates of 23.6, 24.8 and 24.3\/100\u2009000 person-years, and the cumulative incidence for the 3 years was 72.7\/100\u2009000 person-years (95\u2009% CI 72.0 to 73.4). Incidence peaked at ages 40\u201349 in 2019 (33.7\/100\u2009000) and was consistently highest in the south (60.0, 53.9 and 57.3\/100\u2009000 person-years in 2018\u20132020).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SLE is relatively common in Thailand, particularly among women of reproductive age and residents of the southern region. These nationwide data support SLE service planning in Thailand and may guide resource allocation in other Southeast Asian health systems expanding universal coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2025-001621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:30:14Z","timestamp":1756999814000},"page":"e001621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Thailand based on national health data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7746-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patnarin","family":"Pongkulkiat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1964-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chingching","family":"Foocharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8332-5447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tippawan","family":"Onchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6690-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siraphop","family":"Suwannaroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7091-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajanee","family":"Mahakkanukrauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010700553322000_12.2.e001621.1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)"},{"key":"2026010700553322000_12.2.e001621.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00668-1"},{"key":"2026010700553322000_12.2.e001621.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223035"},{"key":"2026010700553322000_12.2.e001621.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20683","article-title":"Systematic review of the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Asia\u2010Pacific region: Prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and mortality","volume":"64","author":"Jakes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care & Research"},{"key":"2026010700553322000_12.2.e001621.5","first-page":"1382","article-title":"Epidemiology of rheumatic disease in rural Thailand: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. 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