{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:28:35Z","timestamp":1792787315560,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":115,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82104782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Clinical Medical Research Transformation Project","award":["202304295107020114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304295107020114"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Great Health","award":["2023CXMMTCM004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CXMMTCM004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effects of Qihuang Jianpi Zishen Granules (QJZG) on renal injury in SLE mice, focusing on macrophage M1\/M2 polarisation mediated by the AMPK\/ULK1 signalling pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parameters of renal function and proteinuria were assessed. Pathological changes in the kidney were examined using H&amp;E, periodic acid-Schiff and Masson\u2019s trichrome staining. Serum inflammatory factor levels were quantified using ELISA. The expression levels of the glycolysis rate-limiting enzymes hexokinase 2 (HK2) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) were determined, and the transcriptional levels of AMPK\/ULK1 pathway components were measured using quantitative PCR. The abundance of proteins associated with AMPK\/ULK1 signalling was assessed via immunoblotting. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD86+ M1\u2009type and CD206+ M2\u2009type macrophage populations. Dual immunofluorescence staining was employed to visualise F4\/80+CD86+ and\u2009F4\/80+CD206+ coexpression patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the Untreated group, mice in the PRED (prednisone acetate), QJZG and 2-Deoxy-D-glucose groups exhibited improved renal histopathology, reduced levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, 24-hour RRO (24-hour urinary protein), ACR (Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio), TPCR (Urine Total Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio), tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, HK2, GLUT1, mTOR, CD86 and iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA), CD86 and iNOS proteins, M1 macrophages, M1\/M2 macrophages and F4\/80+CD86 expression (p&lt;0.05). They also displayed increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta, IL-4, IL-10, C-C motif chemokine ligand 18, AMPK, ULK1, Atg13, CD206 and Arg-1 mRNA, AMPK, ULK1, CD206 and Arg-1 proteins, M2 macrophages and F4\/80+CD206 (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>QJZG effectively improved renal injury in SLE by reducing inflammation and modulating the AMPK\/ULK1 signalling pathway to suppress M1 macrophage polarisation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2025-001639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T10:40:23Z","timestamp":1761734423000},"page":"e001639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Amelioration of renal injury by Qihuang Jianpi Zishen Granules in lupus mice is correlated with AMPK\/ULK1-dependent modulation of macrophage polarisation"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5071-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanbing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010700554621000_12.2.e001639.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.09.001","article-title":"Utilization of Biomarkers in Lupus Nephritis","volume":"26","author":"Caster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney 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Study on the Material Basis In Vivo and In Vitro of Qihuang Jianpi Zishen Granules and Its Network Pharmacology in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus[D]. Anhui University of Chinese Medicine 2023."},{"key":"2026010700554621000_12.2.e001639.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu X , Long Y , Liao M , et al . HK2-mediated augmentation of endothelial cell glycolysis promotes placental vascular disorders through lactylation and pyroptosis. 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