{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T13:11:52Z","timestamp":1767791512733,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["23ZR1440500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1440500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YG2025QNB44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YG2025QNB44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013105","name":"Shanghai Rising-Star Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23QA1406200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23QA1406200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to leverage machine learning algorithms to explore the relationship between anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation and the degree of organ involvement in patients with SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 86 consecutive treatment-na\u00efve patients with SLE positive for anti-dsDNA antibodies from the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology at Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, between 2017 and 2019. We quantified and classified the degree of organ involvement in patients with SLE and analysed each glycoform and a combination of glycoforms of purified anti-dsDNA IgG. A random forest classifier and artificial neural network were applied to evaluate the correlation between the levels of glycoform pairs and the degree of organ involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pearson\u2019s correlation analysis revealed a strong connection between the involved and uninvolved organs in patients with SLE. Random forest analysis showed that the combination of IgG1Gal and IgG3\/4Bis had the highest accuracy (0.7692) and area under the curve (0.8187). In terms of predicting the degree of involvement using an artificial neural network, IgG3\/4Bis and IgG1Gal showed the lowest mean squared error (0.0244).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study showed the effectiveness of combining glycoforms to classify and predict the degree of SLE organ involvement. Different glycoforms were correlated with the involvement degree to various extents, and the combination of anti-dsDNA IgG3\/4Bis and IgG1Gal exhibited the best correlation with organ involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2025-001665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T17:20:14Z","timestamp":1756747214000},"page":"e001665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycosylation of anti-dsDNA IgG correlates with organ involvement in treatment-na\u00efve patients with systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1109-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuochao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6075-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0864-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1434-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5753-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2682-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-0373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiongyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9587-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huihui","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8660-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfen","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1507-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinchao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6043-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8052-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunping","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijun","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2229-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shifang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1016-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialin","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1074-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3720-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengde","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junna","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102804","article-title":"Antibody glycosylation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210066","article-title":"Decipher the Immunopathological Mechanisms and Set Up Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Patients with Lupus Nephritis","volume":"24","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2022.108008","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in the analysis of glycosylation data","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00867-4"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.5","first-page":"63","article-title":"IgG Fc Glycosylation in Human Immunity","volume":"423","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1257906","article-title":"Association between immunoglobulin G N-glycosylation and lupus nephritis in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00850-0"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v15.i7.1119","article-title":"Core fucosylation and its roles in gastrointestinal glycoimmunology","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147789","article-title":"Aberrantly glycosylated IgG elicits pathogenic signaling in podocytes and signifies lupus nephritis","volume":"6","author":"Bhargava","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41768","article-title":"Protein Mannosylation as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker of Lupus Nephritis: An Unusual Glycan Neoepitope in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"73","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo1930","article-title":"Host-derived mannose glycans trigger a pathogenic \u03b3\u03b4 T cell\/IL-17a axis in autoimmunity","volume":"15","author":"Alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2023.100191","article-title":"Autoantibodies to dsDNA in the diagnosis, classification and follow-up of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103883","article-title":"Fucosylation of anti-dsDNA IgG1 correlates with disease activity of treatment-na\u00efve systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"77","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102472","article-title":"Bootstrap Resampling of Temporal Dominance of Sensations Curves to Compute Uncertainties","volume":"10","author":"Okamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93070-6","article-title":"Random forest classification for predicting lifespan-extending chemical compounds","volume":"11","author":"Kapsiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S435281","article-title":"Classification and Regression Tree Predictive Model for Acute Kidney Injury in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2022.02.016","article-title":"Universality of gradient descent neural network training","volume":"150","author":"Welper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.19","article-title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of the Tendency of Vertical Collusion in Construction Bidding Based on Deep Neural Network","volume":"2022","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7594","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement","volume":"350","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03023-7","article-title":"Deep multi-task learning and random forest for series classification by pulse sequence type and orientation","volume":"65","author":"Kasmanoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164995","article-title":"Identifying driving hydrogeomorphic factors of coastal wetland downgrading using random forest classification models","volume":"894","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026010700553530000_12.2.e001665.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.932676","article-title":"Identification and immunological characterization of cuproptosis-related molecular clusters in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Lupus Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2025-001665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:56:12Z","timestamp":1767776172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lupus.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2025-001665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/lupus-2025-001665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2025-001665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}