{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:58:42Z","timestamp":1781614722101,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":166,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FY2023-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2023-2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP23K07910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K07910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether clinically inactive\/low-activity SLE reflects immunological remission in this cross-sectional study using CD180 (RP105)-anchored, stage-resolved profiling of peripheral B-cell differentiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells were analysed by flow cytometry in healthy controls (HCs; n=27), active SLE (n=29; sampled on admission before treatment initiation\/escalation) and inactive\/low-activity SLE (n=14; biological-free; \u22655 years of sustained Lupus Low Disease Activity State and\/or Definition of Remission in SLE remission). Six ordered stages (subsets 0\u20135) were defined along the CD180-loss trajectory. CXCR5, CD11c, B-cell activating factor receptor and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) were quantified. Non-parametric tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment were applied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Active SLE redistributed towards downstream CD180\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      plasmablast-lineage stages (subsets 2\u20135) (14.07% vs 1.92% in HCs). Inactive\/low-activity SLE retained a residual plasmablast-lineage (subset 2\u20135: 6.17%) expansion above HC levels despite durable quiescence. In HCs, CXCR5 positivity was high in upstream CD180\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      compartments and declined stepwise across the trajectory. CXCR5 positivity at subset 0 was reduced in active SLE (FDR-adjusted p=0.0273) and inactive\/low-activity SLE (FDR-adjusted p=0.0015) and at subset 3 in active SLE (FDR-adjusted p=0.0273) versus HCs. CD11c was enriched in upstream compartments during active disease, whereas BCMA was increased in mature downstream CD180\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      stages.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CD180-anchored, stage-resolved profiling indicates that clinical quiescence may not fully equate to immunological normalisation in SLE. These cross-sectional observations do not establish durable persistence, and longitudinal validation is needed. An upstream CXCR5 decrement detectable even in long-term quiescence is consistent with extrafollicular-leaning priming changes arising before CD180 loss; however, any implications for longitudinal immunomonitoring remain hypothesis-generating.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2026-001996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:27:30Z","timestamp":1781612850000},"page":"e001996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-resolved mapping of RP105 (CD180)-negative B cells reveals residual plasmablast-lineage skewing in SLE: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ayana","family":"Kanagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuki","family":"Shibuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare - Fukuoka Campus, Okawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuteru","family":"Akahoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Soejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-8881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syuichi","family":"Koarada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2021.04.006"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061446"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.1"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033251407231","article-title":"Serological activity in clinically quiescent SLE: To treat or not to treat in the biologic era?","volume":"35","author":"Sciascia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3175"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12741"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70004","article-title":"Signaling Activation and Modulation in Extrafollicular B Cell Responses","volume":"330","author":"Staniek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1198"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.2VMR1215-582R"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.61","article-title":"Ligation of CD180 inhibits IFN-\u03b1 signaling in a Lyn-PI3K-BTK-dependent manner in B cells","volume":"14","author":"You","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01047-1","article-title":"TLR7 Signaling in Lupus B Cells: New Insights into Synergizing Factors and Downstream Signals","volume":"23","author":"Satterthwaite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.04.005"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2572"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep437"},{"key":"2026061605253529000_13.1.e001996.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu DY , Maurer DP , Castrillon C , et al . 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