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Blood samples were collected in all trimesters and at delivery from peripheral blood, placental intervillous blood and cord blood. Postpartum blood samples were obtained from a subset of women with SLE. Bulk messenger RNA (mRNA) sequencing was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and placental tissue from a subgroup of women with SLE and healthy controls. BAFF concentrations were measured by ELISA and IFN\u03b1 protein levels by single-molecule array (Simoa).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Women with SLE had upregulated BAFF (\n                      <jats:italic>TNFSF13B<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and IFN-stimulated gene expression in PBMCs and placenta compared with controls. BAFF blood levels were consistently and significantly higher in SLE throughout pregnancy and inversely correlated with circulating B cell numbers. SLE pregnancies with IF-ANA or anti-dsDNA positivity displayed higher BAFF levels than antibody-negative pregnancies but BAFF showed no association with disease activity. Both BAFF and IFN\u03b1 concentrations were higher in placental than peripheral blood in SLE, whereas only BAFF showed additional accumulation in cord blood. Finally, elevated BAFF levels were associated with shorter pregnancy duration in SLE but not in healthy pregnancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women with SLE exhibited persistently elevated BAFF levels, which were associated with lower B cell numbers, SLE-related autoantibody positivity and shorter pregnancy duration. Together with a disease-specific placental enrichment of IFN\u03b1, these findings support the presence of an inflammatory and potentially pathogenic IFN-BAFF signature in SLE pregnancy. Further studies are needed to determine the functional consequences of these immunological alterations on maternal-fetal health in SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2026-002020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T15:15:29Z","timestamp":1779117329000},"page":"e002020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of BAFF and type I IFN activity in blood and placenta in SLE and healthy pregnancies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes","family":"Torell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Gunnarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabet","family":"Svenungsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agneta","family":"Zickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Majczuk Sennstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Neonatology, Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Trysberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Western Healthcare Region, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders A","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Rheumatology, Lund University, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"J\u00f6nsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Rheumatology, Lund University, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Strevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0900-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Sj\u00f6wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, 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Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Ronnblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tansim","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Roshanzamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 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