{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:02:36Z","timestamp":1790697756329,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4R00AI162843-04 (RB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R00AI162843-04 (RB)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AI179405 (GCT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AI179405 (GCT)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM152305 (RB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM152305 (RB)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDMRP-LR240077: Award HT9425-25-1-0390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDMRP-LR240077: Award HT9425-25-1-0390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015502","name":"Dialysis Clinics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Paul Teschan Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Paul Teschan Research Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lupus nephritis (LN) is a devastating complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Aberrant IgG glycosylation drives podocyte injury and is a robust marker for LN. The primary method for detecting glycosylation is limited to mass spectrometry, but it is not suitable for clinical applications due to its complexity and high cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We developed and optimised a lectin-based enzyme-linked assay to detect IgG glycan residues. Lectins were selected based on the glycan structures detected in a SLE cohort and were differentially expressed in SLE with and without nephritis. 96-well plates were coated with protein L. Blocking solutions for each lectin were selected from 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), deglycosylated BSA (deBSA) and carbo-free blocking solution. IgG standards range was optimised starting from 0 to 20 \u00b5g\/mL. Fucose was detected by\n                      <jats:italic>Aleuria aurantia<\/jats:italic>\n                      lectin (AAL), galactose was detected by\n                      <jats:italic>Erythrina crista-galli<\/jats:italic>\n                      lectin (ECL) and sialic acid was detected by\n                      <jats:italic>Sambucus nigra<\/jats:italic>\n                      lectin (SNA). An SLE cohort was used to test the ability of these novel assays to differentiate patients with LN from non-renal SLE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The selected lectins produced reproducible standard curves with strong linearity. ELISA assays performed using IgG from a healthy donor, and a patient with LN revealed glycan differences that were consistent with mass spectrometry data and within range of the standard curves. While the AAL (fucose) binding did not differ among different SLE subgroups, ECL (galactose) binding showed significant differences in patients with active LN compared with those with active non-renal SLE and quiescent disease. SNA (sialic acid) binding also distinguished patients with active LN from those with quiescent SLE; however, it did not discriminate between renal and non-renal SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed lectin-ELISA assay can detect glycosylation characteristics of IgG in a more cost-effective, clinically applicable manner compared with mass spectrometry. Our validation data suggest the potential of ECL binding assays to help diagnose and monitor patients with LN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2026-002059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:10:54Z","timestamp":1782994254000},"page":"e002059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a lectin-based assay for detection of IgG Fc glycosylation as a biomarker in lupus nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rohit","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8431-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexia M Michelle","family":"Orellana Enamorado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott E","family":"Wenderfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George C","family":"Tsokos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2899-6758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhea","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9","article-title":"Lupus nephritis","volume":"6","author":"Anders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05780616"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.10.017"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102804","article-title":"Antibody glycosylation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000042290","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141702"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129594"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2862"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43200","article-title":"Aberrant Glycosylation of IgG in Children With Active Lupus Nephritis Alters Podocyte Metabolism and Causes Podocyte Injury","volume":"77","author":"Bhargava","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-212946"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.11","unstructured":"Yamada M , Hirabayashi J . Glycan profiling by lectin microarray. In: Nishihara S , Angata K , Aoki-Kinoshita KF , et al ., eds. Glycoscience protocols (GlycoPODv2). Saitama (JP), 2021."},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.1c00689"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2sc90223k"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.12.004"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.08.001"},{"key":"2026092908100892000_13.2.e002059.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147789","article-title":"Aberrantly glycosylated IgG elicits pathogenic signaling in podocytes and signifies lupus nephritis","volume":"6","author":"Bhargava","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Lupus Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2026-002059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:14:25Z","timestamp":1790694865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lupus.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2026-002059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/lupus-2026-002059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2026-002059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}