{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:09:10Z","timestamp":1789207750786,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20240813104300002, JCYJ20250604141707010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20240813104300002, JCYJ20250604141707010"]}]},{"name":"Major scientific research project of Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital","award":["SYWGSJCYJ202510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYWGSJCYJ202510"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025A1515012768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515012768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Heyuan Municipal Science and Technology Program for Social Development","award":["250520141606687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250520141606687"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus Sci Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with heightened cardiovascular risk. However, the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and cardiovascular involvement remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the TyG index and cardiovascular involvement in SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 991 patients with SLE admitted between 2000 and 2021, spanning 21 years with extended follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare event-free survival across TyG quartiles, and differences between curves were assessed using the log-rank test. Time-to-event analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The proportional hazards assumption was assessed using scaled Schoenfeld residuals. Restricted cubic spline analyses based on Cox models were performed to evaluate the dose\u2013response association between TyG and cardiovascular outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular involvement occurred in 251 patients (25.3%), consisting of 210 inflammatory or lupus-related manifestations and 41 major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Elevated TyG correlated with progressively lower event-free survival. An approximately linear association was observed between TyG and both overall cardiovascular involvement and inflammatory\/lupus-related cardiovascular manifestations. Each one-unit increase in TyG remained associated with higher risk after multivariable adjustment (adjusted HR 1.36 for both outcomes, both p&lt;0.05). These associations were materially unchanged after accounting for non-proportional covariate effects (overall cardiovascular involvement: HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.71; inflammatory\/lupus-related manifestations: HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.74). For the original MACE composite, higher TyG was associated with increased risk in the adjusted analysis; however, this finding was less robust in a post hoc sensitivity analysis excluding heart failure and should be interpreted cautiously because of the limited number of events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the potential value of the TyG index as an accessible marker of cardiometabolic risk in SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2026-002141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T09:40:54Z","timestamp":1789206054000},"page":"e002141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term association of the triglyceride-glucose index with cardiovascular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zixian","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huadong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1560-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Long Gang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangye","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1600-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangzhiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60128-8"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000480"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001247","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus; stroke and myocardial infarction risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Yazdany","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab362","article-title":"All-cause and cause-specific mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based study","volume":"61","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.5","first-page":"1902","article-title":"Cardiovascular Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Practical Multimodality Imaging Approach","volume":"42","author":"Borchsenius","year":"2026","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030372","article-title":"Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Focus on Arrhythmias","volume":"16","author":"Dobos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2331::AID-ART395>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2017-000212","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk profiles in a lupus cohort: what do different calculators tell us?","volume":"4","author":"Boulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1920"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2022.101365"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01919-z","article-title":"The triglyceride-glucose index is associated with atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease, regardless of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01735-6","article-title":"Predictive value of the TyG index and rheumatoid factor for cardiovascular disease risk in a rheumatoid arthritis population: data from a survey of 418 patients","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2501028","article-title":"Prediction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events by Triglyceride Glucose Index in Predominantly Male Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead100","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose index and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"62","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.16","first-page":"885","article-title":"Insulin resistance in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: contributing factors and relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"35","author":"S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8629","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S526608","article-title":"Developing an Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Early Prediction of Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2019.021","article-title":"Indirect insulin resistance detection: Current clinical trends and laboratory limitations","volume":"163","author":"Placzkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0957-3","article-title":"High triglyceride-glucose index is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01321-7","article-title":"Triglyceride glucose index combined with plaque characteristics as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevated myocardial infarction patients: an intravascular optical coherence tomography study","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.013"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00141"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704103361506"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosmas CE , Bousvarou MD , Kostara CE , et al . Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Int Med Res 2023;51. doi:10.1177\/03000605231164548","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231164548"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.07.001"},{"key":"2026091202404406000_13.2.e002141.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11472"}],"container-title":["Lupus Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2026-002141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T09:40:59Z","timestamp":1789206059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lupus.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/lupus-2026-002141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/lupus-2026-002141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2026-002141","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}