{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1792730671184,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Ethics"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The American Academy of Pediatrics recently released a policy statement and technical report on circumcision, in both of which the organisation suggests that the health benefits conferred by the surgical removal of the foreskin in infancy definitively outweigh the risks and complications associated with the procedure. While these new documents do not positively recommend neonatal circumcision, they do paradoxically conclude that its purported benefits \u2018justify access to this procedure for families who choose it,\u2019 claiming that whenever and for whatever reason it is performed, it should be covered by government health insurance. The policy statement and technical report suffer from several troubling deficiencies, ultimately undermining their credibility. These deficiencies include the exclusion of important topics and discussions, an incomplete and apparently partisan excursion through the medical literature, improper analysis of the available information, poorly documented and often inaccurate presentation of relevant findings, and conclusions that are not supported by the evidence given.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T00:29:25Z","timestamp":1363652965000},"page":"434-441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Out of step: fatal flaws in the latest AAP policy report on neonatal circumcision"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"J Steven","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Attorneys for the Rights of the Child, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Van Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Marquette, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.1","first-page":"e757","article-title":"Technical report: male circumcision","volume":"130","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1989"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.3","unstructured":"Earp BD . The AAP report on circumcision: bad science+bad ethics=bad medicine. Practical Ethics. University of Oxford. http:\/\/blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk\/2012\/08\/the-aap-report-on-circumcision-bad-science-bad-ethics-bad-medicine\/ (accessed 31 Dec 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.4","unstructured":"Raven S . German pediatric association condemns circumcision. 31 December 2012. http:\/\/www.sodahead.com\/united-states\/german-pediatric-association-condemns-circumcision\/question-3426045\/ (accessed 8 Jan 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1956.5"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1996.04586.x"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x","article-title":"The prepuce","volume":"83","author":"Cold","year":"1999","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1079.x"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr104"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.10","first-page":"3","article-title":"Anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: who benefits?","volume":"12","author":"Van Howe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Prenatal Perinatal Psychol Health"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130094"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(82)90038-X"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197403000-00009","article-title":"The effects of circumcision on sleep-wake states in human neonates","volume":"36","author":"Anders","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198410000-00004","article-title":"Behavioral effects of circumcision with and without anesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Dixon","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.28.1.10"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.2.314","article-title":"Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice","volume":"95","author":"Committee on Bioethics","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.17","unstructured":"Jordans F . Germany approves bill to protect male circumcision. http:\/\/start.localnet.com\/article.php?category=topstories&article=a028ec0da5f4458fa200891071b65d0d (accessed 19 Dec 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1628\/002268812803987835","article-title":"Der gesetzentwurf zur beschneidung\u2014kritik und strafrechtliche alternative","volume":"22","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Juristenzeitung"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.19","unstructured":"Guiborg C . Swedish docs in circumcision protest. The Local, 19 February 2012. http:\/\/m.thelocal.se\/39200\/20120219\/ (accessed 7 Nov 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.20","unstructured":"Suomen L\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4riliitto. Poikien ymp\u00e4rileikkaus. http:\/\/www.laakariliitto.fi\/uutiset\/kannanotot\/ymparileikkaus.html (accessed 7 Nov 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.21","unstructured":"Royal Dutch Medical Association. Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors. Amsterdam: KNMG, 2010."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.22","unstructured":"Hartmann W ; Berufsverbands der Kinder- und Jugend\u00e4rzte. Gesetzentwurf der bundesregierung: \u201centwurf eines gesetzes \u00fcber den umfang der personensorge bei einer beschneidung des m\u00e4nnlichen kindes.\u201d http:\/\/www.kinderaerzte-im-netz.de\/bvkj\/kinpopup\/psfile\/pdf\/70\/121126_Ste50aa5e211e6a6.pdf (accessed 9 Jan 2013). The BVKJ's official translation into English of this statement, titled \u201cGerman pediatric association condemns circumcision: expert statement,\u201d http:\/\/www.intactamerica.org\/german_pediatrics_statement (accessed 9 Jan 2013)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.23","unstructured":"Svoboda JS . Neonatal circumcision violates children's rights, needlessly amputating functional tissue. http:\/\/arclaw.org (accessed 19 Dec 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.24","unstructured":"Campaign against church privileges (Volksbegehren gegen Kirchenprivilegien). Erstmals strafanzeige gegen muslimischen und j\u00fcdischen beschneider. http:\/\/www.kirchen-privilegien.at\/archives\/2046#more-2046 (accessed 19 Dec 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.25","unstructured":"Anonymous. Infant sustains partial amputation during bris. Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly 21 June 2012."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.26","unstructured":"Tagami T . Atlanta lawyer wins $11 million lawsuit for family in botched circumcision. The Atlanta Constitution 19 July 2010. http:\/\/www.ajc.com\/news\/news\/national\/atlanta-lawyer-wins-11-million-lawsuit-for-family-\/nQhjN\/ (accessed 19 Dec 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.27","first-page":"490","article-title":"Amputation of the penis following a unique method of preventing hemorrhage after circumcision","volume":"4","author":"Brimhall","year":"1902","journal-title":"St Paul Med J"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.28","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Notes on conditions resulting from ritual circumcision","volume":"95","author":"Bierhoff","year":"1912","journal-title":"N Y Med J"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)73098-4","article-title":"Two unusual penile injuries","volume":"21","author":"Ehrich","year":"1929","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197759020-00023","article-title":"Successful clinical reimplantation of an amputated penis by microneurovascular repair. Case report","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.20062"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65836-1"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.33","first-page":"473","article-title":"Bleeding after circumcision","volume":"43","author":"Gold","year":"1940","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(76)90278-8"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541887"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1985.tb05874.x","article-title":"Successful reconstruction following circumcision with diathermy","volume":"57","author":"Azmy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36433-9","article-title":"Phallic construction in prepubertal and adolescent boys","volume":"149","author":"Gilbert","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724939992743"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38893-6","article-title":"Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with electrocautery: a method of management and long-term followup","volume":"142","author":"Gearhart","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.6.906","article-title":"Partial amputation of glans penis during Mogen clamp circumcision","volume":"97","author":"Strimling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67718-8"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(81)90368-X"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7260.529\/b","article-title":"Baby's penis reattached after botched circumcision","volume":"321","author":"Siegel-Itzkovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.44","first-page":"229","article-title":"Amputation of the penis as a complication of circumcision","volume":"46","author":"Lerner","year":"1952","journal-title":"Med Record Ann"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.45","first-page":"45","article-title":"Complications arising from ritual circumcision: pathogenesis and possible prevention","volume":"17","author":"Menahem","year":"1981","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.06934.x","article-title":"Amputation of distal penile glans during neonatal ritual circumcision\u2014a rare complication","volume":"77","author":"Neulander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(81)80352-1"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.48","first-page":"352","article-title":"Penile reconstruction after complete glans amputation during ritual circumcision","volume":"139","author":"Shenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559702700230"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1990.tb14936.x","article-title":"Ritual circumcision (Umkhwetha) amongst the Xhosa of the Ciskei","volume":"66","author":"Crowley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1159\/000474644","article-title":"Rare complication of circumcision: penile amputation and reattachment","volume":"23","author":"Yilmaz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199910000-00022","article-title":"Glans and penile skin amputation as a complication of circumcision","volume":"43","author":"Coskunfirat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1999.3097"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1066065"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200208000-00067","article-title":"Penile amputation due to circumcision and replantation","volume":"110","author":"Aydin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plastic Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200044030-00010"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1964.02080060151007"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599309180426"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.59","first-page":"583","article-title":"Circumcision in various Nigerian and Kenyan hospitals","volume":"76","author":"Magoha","year":"1999","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64187-9"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02988699"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.62","unstructured":"Beauchamp TL Childress JF . Principles of biomedical ethics. 6th edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Especially pp 224\u20137."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90357-4"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60998-3"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21009"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07242.x","article-title":"Clinical presentation and pathophysiology of meatal stenosis following circumcision","volume":"75","author":"Persad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(73)90367-1"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000472487","article-title":"A prospective survey of the indications and morbidity of circumcision in children","volume":"11","author":"Griffiths","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10207.x","article-title":"Circumcision for phimosis\u2014indications and results","volume":"75","author":"Stenram","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)59782-7","article-title":"Meatal stenosis in children","volume":"112","author":"Allen","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.72","first-page":"724","article-title":"\u00c9pidermoloyses bulleuses jonctionnelles: faut-il permettre la circoncision? [Junctional epidermolysis bullosa: should circumcision be allowed]?","volume":"125","author":"Cherif","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.73","first-page":"621","article-title":"Urethral meatal caliber in circumcised and uncircumcised males","volume":"92","author":"Berry","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65840-3"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.75","first-page":"727","article-title":"Stenose du meat et circoncision","volume":"85","author":"Steg","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Urol Nephrol Paris"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)59355-6","article-title":"Normal size of the urethral meatus in boys","volume":"115","author":"Litvak","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1988.tb04432.x","article-title":"Urethral strictures in childhood","volume":"62","author":"Frank","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00474-3"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.79","first-page":"57","article-title":"Post circumcision meatal stenosis: 12 years\u2019 experience","volume":"111","author":"Upadhyay","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(84)90054-7"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)59899-7","article-title":"Meatal stenosis associated with vesicoureteral reflux in boys: management of 25 cases","volume":"111","author":"Mowad","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.82","first-page":"139","article-title":"Point of focus: poor genital hygiene and terminal urethral strictures","volume":"35","author":"Palaniswamy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1983.tb06565.x","article-title":"Strictures of the penile urethra","volume":"55","author":"Bhandari","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.84","first-page":"25","article-title":"The use of Emla cream as anaesthetic for minor urological surgery in children","volume":"65","author":"Hoebeke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Urol Belg"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1967.tb20877.x","article-title":"Non-therapeutic circumcision","volume":"1","author":"Wright","year":"1967","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.86","first-page":"413","article-title":"Les retrecissements iatrogenes de l'urethre (R.I.U.) masculin. A propos de 50 observations [Iatrogenic stenosis of the male urethra. 50 cases]","volume":"87","author":"Viville","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Urol (Paris)"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x","article-title":"Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study","volume":"80","author":"Van Howe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280604500108"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2010.08.005"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00399-X"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/jmh.0703.307"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X04271039"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289203100207"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.94","first-page":"587","article-title":"Circumcision: a decision analysis of its medical value","volume":"23","author":"Lawler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9101100406"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.96","first-page":"1507","article-title":"Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: should scientific misconduct result in trade association liability?","volume":"85","author":"Giannetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Iowa L Rev"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.3.686"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020298","article-title":"Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 trial","volume":"2","author":"Auvert","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60312-2"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60313-4"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.101","unstructured":"Rabin RC . Benefits of circumcision are said to outweigh risks. NY Times 27 August 2012:A3."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2011.e4","article-title":"How the circumcision solution in Africa will increase HIV infections","volume":"2","author":"Van Howe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Publ Health Afr"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.103","first-page":"316","article-title":"Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: methodological, ethical and legal concerns","volume":"19","author":"Boyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Law Med"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60735-1","article-title":"Male circumcision and HIV prevention","volume":"369","author":"Brewer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60737-5","article-title":"Male circumcision and HIV prevention","volume":"369","author":"Denniston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.106","first-page":"479","article-title":"Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity","volume":"39","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Health"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17469600.2.3.193"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.108","unstructured":"Gisselquist D . Points to consider: responses to HIV\/AIDS in Africa, Asia and Caribbean. London: Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd, 2008."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009003"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas AG Bakhireva LN Brodline SK . Prevalence of circumcision and its association with HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a male US Navy population. Naval Health Research Center. Report No. 04-10:2004.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA458066"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02871.x"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e861","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000861","article-title":"Declining rates in male circumcision amidst increasing evidence of its public health benefit","volume":"2","author":"Mor","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540370042034"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595569"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199109000-00011","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 associated with the use of smokable freebase cocaine (crack)","volume":"5","author":"Chiasson","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc090844"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70209-8"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.118","unstructured":"Van Howe RS . Sexually transmitted infections and male circumcision: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ISRN Urol; in press."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381395"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822e60cb"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.08.005"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0353"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596050"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521192"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24097"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595567"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.033068"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421279"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq015"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.017442"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802556"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta SD Moses S Parker CB . Circumcision status and incident HSV-2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and HIV infection. AIDS 2012;26:1141\u20139.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328352d116"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.45.1.8"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.47.1.5"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.441","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and of the cervix, vulva and vagina in spouses: is there any relationship? An epidemiological study from Norway, 1960\u201392","volume":"76","author":"Iversen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7018.1471","article-title":"Falling incidence of penis cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943-90)","volume":"311","author":"Frisch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199202000-00008","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of cancer of the penis in Finland","volume":"1","author":"Maiche","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1985.02140040010002"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02392-7"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0187"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.141","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. American academy of pediatrics withdraws policy statement on female genital cutting [press release]. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010. http:\/\/www.aap.org\/advocacy\/releases\/fgc-may27-2010.htm (accessed 19 Dec 2012)."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1568"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.143","unstructured":"American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Report 10: Neonatal circumcision. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1999."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.144","unstructured":"Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Circumcision of male infants. Sydney: Royal Australasian College of Physicians, 2010."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.145","unstructured":"Committee on Medical Ethics. The law & ethics of male circumcision\u2014guidance for doctors. London: British Medical Association, 2006."},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.146","first-page":"769","article-title":"Neonatal circumcision revisited","volume":"154","author":"Canadian Paediatric Society","year":"1996","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/thy.0401.78"},{"key":"2025092415103741000_39.7.434.148","unstructured":"Smith M Saunders R Stuckhardt L . Best care at lower cost: the path to continuously learning health care in America. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2012."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/medethics-2013-101346","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T22:10:55Z","timestamp":1758751855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jme.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/medethics-2013-101346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/medethics-2013-101346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2013-101346","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-6800","1473-4257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-6800","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]}}}