{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T21:06:39Z","timestamp":1760043999928,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Fondation Desjardins"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008240","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIHR-Quebec Training Network in Perinatal Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) can be defined as the movement from one jurisdiction to another for medically assisted reproduction (MAR). CBRC raises many ethical concerns that have been addressed extensively. However, the conclusions are still based on scarce evidence even considering the global scale of CBRC. Empirical ethics appears as a way to foster this ethical reflection on CBRC while attuning it with the experiences of its main actors. To better understand the \u2018in and out\u2019 situation of CBRC in Canada, we conducted an ethnographic study taking a \u2018critically applied ethics\u2019 approach. This article presents a part of the findings of this research, obtained by data triangulation from qualitative analysis of pertinent literature, participant observation in two Canadian fertility clinics and 40 semidirected interviews. Based on participants\u2019 perceptions, four themes emerged: (1) inconsistencies of the Canadian legal framework; (2) autonomy and the necessity to resort to CBRC; (3) safety and the management of CBRC individual risks; and (4) justice and solidarity. The interaction between these four themes highlights the problematic of \u2018reproductive outsourcing\u2019 that characterised the Canadian situation, a system where the controversial aspects of MAR are knowingly pushed outside the borders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2017-104515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T17:04:15Z","timestamp":1539104655000},"page":"41-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reproductive outsourcing: an empirical ethics account of cross-border reproductive care in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8811-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Couture","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9gen","family":"Drouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Moutquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Monnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Bouffard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050722470496000_45.1.41.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.28.6.337"},{"key":"2020050722470496000_45.1.41.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.08.001"},{"key":"2020050722470496000_45.1.41.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12418","article-title":"Cross-border reprogenetic services: A narrative overview and thematic analysis of the literature","volume":"87","author":"Couture","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"2020050722470496000_45.1.41.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.07.007"},{"key":"2020050722470496000_45.1.41.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/10679847-3320149"},{"key":"2020050722470496000_45.1.41.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inhorn MC . 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