{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:24:00Z","timestamp":1773519840034,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The recently reported cases of coerced sterilisation of women at a privately operated immigration detention facility in the USA are egregious in their disregard for human dignity and professional ethics, but sadly not surprising. These abuses represent a continuation of efforts to control the reproductive capacity of women, fueled by racist and xenophobic motives. Physicians helped create and legitimise the pseudoscientific framework for the eugenics movement, which would implement forceful sterilisation as its tool of choice to eliminate undesirable traits that were thought to be biologically inherited and predominant among racial and ethnic minorities. Although state-endorsed forcible sterilisation programs have ended, incarcerated women have remained particularly vulnerable to sterilisation abuse. The intersectional vulnerabilities of racism, xenophobia and carcerality must be addressed to prevent such abuses from recurring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T17:35:19Z","timestamp":1623692119000},"page":"805-809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Time and time again: the reincarnations of coerced sterilisation"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam O","family":"Fofana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.1","unstructured":"Olivares J , Washington J . \u201cHe just empties you all out\u201d: whistleblower reports high number of hysterectomies at ICE detention facility. The Intercept, 2020. Available: https:\/\/theintercept.com\/\u200c\u200c\u200c2020\/09\/15\/hysterectomies-ice-irwin-whistleblower\/ [Accessed 19 Sep 2020]."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.2","unstructured":"Edwards V . US agrees to pause the deportation of dozens of women who alleged they were abused by a gynecologist while in ice custody in Georgia. The Daily Mail, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-8983205\/US-pauses-deportation-women-abused-gynecologist-ICE-custody.html [Accessed 21 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.3","unstructured":"Kluchin RM . Fit to be tied: sterilization and reproductive rights in America, 1950-1980. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2009."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.4","unstructured":"Lifton RJ . The Nazi doctors: medical killing and the psychology of genocide: with a new preface by the author. 2000 edn. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.9","unstructured":"Buck v Bell, Superintendent . 274 US reports 200-207 (US Supreme Court), 1927. Available: https:\/\/tile.loc.gov\/\u200cstorage-services\/\u200cservice\/ll\/\u200cusrep\/usrep274\/\u200cusrep274200\/\u200cusrep274200.pdf [Accessed 5 Apr 2021]."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.10","unstructured":"Dorr GM . Protection or control? Women\u2019s health, sterilization abuse, and Relf v. Weinberger. In: Lombardo PA , ed. A century of eugenics in America: from the Indiana experiment to the human genome era. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011: 161\u201390. http:\/\/public.ebookcentral.proquest.com\/\u200cchoice\/\u200cpublicfullrecord.aspx?\u200cp=670259"},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.11","unstructured":"Wilkerson I . The warmth of other suns: the epic story of America\u2019s great migration. 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Available: https:\/\/www.auditor.ca.gov\/\u200c\u200cpdfs\/reports\/2013-120.pdf [Accessed 13 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.15","first-page":"7","article-title":"\u201cIf they hand you a paper, you sign it\u201d: a call to end the sterilization of women in prison","volume":"26","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hastings Women\u2019s Law Journal"},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.16","unstructured":"Dickerson C , Freed Wessler S , Jordan M . Immigrants say they were pressured into unneeded surgeries. The New York Times, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/\u200c2020\/09\/29\/\u200cus\/\u200cice-hysterectomies-\u200csurgeries-georgia.html [Accessed 23 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.17","unstructured":"Johnson CG . Female inmates sterilized in California prisons without approval. Reveal, 2013. Available: https:\/\/revealnews.org\/article\/female-inmates-sterilized-in-california-prisons-without-approval\/ [Accessed 13 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeFlouria TL . Menacing (re)production. In: Chase RT , ed. Caging borders and carceral states: incarcerations, immigration detentions, and resistance. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019: 173\u201385.","DOI":"10.5149\/northcarolina\/9781469651231.003.0006"},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.08.022"},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300850"},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gh-69-335-2014"},{"key":"2024011722351527000_48.11.805.22","unstructured":"Finchelstein F , Piccato P , Stanley J . 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