{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:59:18Z","timestamp":1787497158517,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Humanities"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1885, Holloway Sanatorium, an asylum for the \u2018mentally afflicted of the middle classes\u2019 opened in Egham, Surrey, 20 miles outside London. Until 1910, photographs of about a third of the patients\u2014both those \u2018Certified Lunatic by Inquisition\u2019 and the \u2018Voluntary Boarders\u2019 who admitted themselves\u2014were pasted into the asylum's case books. This paper analyses the photographs that were included in the very first of these, when there was a great uncertainty as to how to represent these patients, or whether to represent them at all. The photographs are unlike any other institutional images of the period, and raise critical questions about the imagined incompatibility between documentary photography and personal agency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2012-010280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,20]],"date-time":"2013-03-20T21:15:41Z","timestamp":1363814141000},"page":"29-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Inventing the medical portrait: photography at the \u2018Benevolent Asylum\u2019 of Holloway, c. 1885\u20131889"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Sidlauskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.1","unstructured":"Anon. Holloway sanitorium, St. Ann's Heath, Virginia Water; n.d. p. 1\u20137. Surrey history centre, Woking, England (hereafter SHC); 7267\/3\/4."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.2","unstructured":"Jane A . SHC 3473\/3\/1. Admissions June, 1885\u2013Jan, 1889; p. 16."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.3","unstructured":"SHC; 1885\u20131980, 3237\/-3473; 43 case books. Wellcome Library, London, MS 2620, 2772, 3237, 3289, 3473 and 6864; 9 case books."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.4","unstructured":"Elkins J . ed Photography theory. London, New York: Routledge, 2007."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.5","unstructured":"Kemp M . \u2018A perfect and faithful record\u2019: mind and body in medical photography before 1900. In: Thomas A . ed Beauty of another order: photography in science. New Haven: Yale, 1997:120\u201349."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.6","unstructured":"Galison P Daston L . Objectivity. Cambridge, MA: Zone Press, 2007."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.7","unstructured":"Gilman S . The face of madness: Hugh W. Diamond and the origins of psychiatric photography. New York: Brunner\/Mazel, 1976."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.8","unstructured":"Ribalta J . Molecular documents: photography in the post-photographic era, or how not to be trapped into false dilemmas. In: Kelsey R Stimson B . eds The meaning of photography. Williamstown, MA: Clark Art Institute, 2008:178\u201385."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.9","unstructured":"McCauley EA . AA Disd\u00e9ri and the carte de visite portrait photograph. New Haven: Yale, 1985."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammerschlag KR . The gentleman artist-surgeon in late Victorian group portraiture. Vis Cult Britain. Published Online First: 22 Apr 2013. doi:10.1080\/14714787.2013.780828.","DOI":"10.1080\/14714787.2013.780828"},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.11","unstructured":"Gale C Smith C , Putting names to faces: Henry Hering's photographs of Bethlem Hospital patients\/Namen en gezichten: patienten in het Bethlem Hospital, door de lens van Henry Hering. In: Allegaert A Defoort H Renders M . eds Ziek: tussen lichaam en geest\/Malade: entre corps et esprit. Gent: Museum Dr. Guislain, 2007:35\u20139."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.12","unstructured":"Philipps RS . Third annual report of Holloway Sanitorium, registered hospital for the insane. Virginia Water, 1889."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekula A . The body and the archive. 1986;39:3\u201364.","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v064n039.p003"},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.14","unstructured":"Alice M . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 107."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.15","unstructured":"Philipps SR . Fifth annual report of Holloway Sanitorium. Virginia Water, 1890."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.16","unstructured":"Elliot J . Palaces, patronage and pills: Thomas Holloway, his sanitorium, college and picture gallery. Egham, 1996."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.17","unstructured":"Taylor J . Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840\u20131914. London, New York: Mansell, 1991."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.18","unstructured":"Anon. The Holloway sanitorium, The builder. London, 1882:23\u20134."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.19","unstructured":"Gertrude J . SHC 3473\/3\/1; p. 30."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.20","unstructured":"Florek OG . The modern monarch. Empress Elisabeth and the visual culture of femininity. PhD diss, Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ, 2012."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.21","unstructured":"Alice S . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 139."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.22","unstructured":"Mary Ellen P . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 137."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.23","unstructured":"Edith W . SHC, 3473\/3\/1, p. 123\u201324."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.24","unstructured":"Edith Laura W . SHC, 3473\/3\/1, p. 144."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepherd A . The female experience in two late-nineteenth-century asylums. In: Andrews J Digby A . eds Sex and seclusion, class and custody, perspectives on gender and class in the history of British and Irish psychiatry. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, 2004:223\u201348.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004333598_009"},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.26","unstructured":"Shepherd A . Mental health care and charity for the middling sort: Holloway Sanitorium 1885\u20131900. In: Borsay A Shapely P . eds Medicine, charity and mutual aid: consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c. 1550\u20131950. Aldershot, Burlington: Ashgate, 2007."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.27","unstructured":"Ada H . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 142."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.28","unstructured":"Emily Gordon B . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 88."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.29","unstructured":"Ellen M . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 27."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.30","unstructured":"Susan B . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 80."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.31","unstructured":"Louisa T . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 106."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.32","unstructured":"Emily Jane B . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 143."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.33","unstructured":"Rose A . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 94."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.34","unstructured":"Emily Ann B . 3473\/3\/1; p. 87."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.35","unstructured":"Maria W . SHC, 3473\/3\/1; p. 188."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.36","unstructured":"Amirault C . Posing the subject of early medical photography, Discourse, 16, 2, Winter 1993\u201394. p. 51\u201375."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.37","unstructured":"Suzuki A . Framing psychiatric subjectivity. In: Melling J Forsythe B . eds Insanity, institutions and society, 1800\u20131914. London, New York: Routledge, 1999:115\u201336."},{"key":"2025092412225268000_39.1.29.38","unstructured":"Kotz L . The aesthetics of intimacy. In: Bright D . ed The passionate camera: photography and bodies of desire. London: Routledge, 1998:204\u201315."}],"container-title":["Medical Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/medhum-2012-010280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T19:23:04Z","timestamp":1758741784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/medhum-2012-010280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/medhum-2012-010280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medhum-2012-010280","relation":{},"ISSN":["1468-215X","1473-4265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1468-215X","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,20]]}}}