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This research investigated Indigenous vaccine hesitancy in a First Nation community in Saskatchewan, ways it can be overcome, and the influence of a colonial history as well as modernity. Research followed Indigenous research methodologies, a community-based participatory research design, and used mixed methods. Social media posts (interventions) were piloted on a community Facebook page in January and February (2022). These interventions tested different messaging techniques in a search for effective strategies. The analysis that followed compared the number of likes and views of the different techniques to each other, a control post, and community-developed posts implemented by the community\u2019s pandemic response team. At the end of the research, a sharing circle occurred and was followed by culturally appropriate data analysis (Nan\u00e2tawihowin \u00c2cimowina Kika-M\u00f4sahkinik\u00eahk Papisk\u00eeci-Itascik\u00eawin Ast\u00e2cikowina procedure). Results demonstrated the importance of exploring an Indigenous community\u2019s self-determined solution, at the very least, alongside the exploration of external solutions. Further, some sources of vaccine hesitancy, such as cultural barriers, can also be used to promote vaccine confidence. When attempting to overcome barriers, empathy is crucial as vaccine fears exist, and antivaccine groups are prepared to take advantage of empathetic failures. Additionally, the wider community has a powerful influence on vaccine confidence. Messaging, therefore, should avoid polarising vaccine-confident and vaccine-hesitant people to the point where the benefits of community influence are limited. Finally, you need to understand people and their beliefs to understand how to overcome hesitancy. To gain this understanding, there is no substitute for listening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2022-012501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T13:22:50Z","timestamp":1672924970000},"page":"321-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Where past meets present: Indigenous vaccine hesitancy in Saskatchewan"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kihew Kawaskasit Health Services, Star Blanket Cree Nation, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethel","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Star Blanket Cree Nation, Star Blanket Cree Nation, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Bosco","family":"Acharibasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cari","family":"McIlduff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092412120402000_49.2.321.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190728"},{"key":"2025092412120402000_49.2.321.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1584.2006.00804.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025092412120402000_49.2.321.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2019.08","article-title":"\u201cFraming Bias in the Interpretation of Quality Improvement Data: Evidence From an Experiment.\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Ballard","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025092412120402000_49.2.321.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.06.011","article-title":"\u201cFramework for Aboriginal-Guided Decolonizing Research Involving M\u00e9tis and First Nations Persons with Diabetes.\u201d","volume":"65","author":"Bartlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2025092412120402000_49.2.321.5","unstructured":"Berg B. 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