{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T19:28:36Z","timestamp":1772479716271,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Humanities"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) represent one of the most vulnerable groups within the global refugee population, having fled armed conflict without familial support. Although policies in high-income countries secure URMs\u2019 basic rights\u2014housing, education, healthcare and legal protection\u2014these standardised frameworks frequently neglect the sociocultural and relational dimensions of identity integral to their well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To articulate the moral imperative of identity scaffolding in URM care, demonstrating how current approaches enforce assimilation, exacerbate identity distress and fail to promote long-term integration and mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This conceptual paper draws on interdisciplinary literatures\u2014including policy analyses, identity theory, socioecological models and psychosocial research\u2014to critique existing UK and EU interventions for URMs. It synthesises empirical findings on URMs\u2019 experiences of cultural dislocation, systemic inequities and resilience mechanisms, and integrates illustrative case examples from media and non-governmental organisation (NGO) reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three core themes were identified:<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Systemic inequities and assimilation pressures: Host-country policies often prioritise uniform legal compliance and assimilation metrics over cultural continuity, leading to social alienation and identity confusion.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Identity distress as a key mediator: Psychological constructs of identity distress explain URMs\u2019 chronic anxiety, role uncertainty and emotional turmoil when forced to navigate conflicting cultural norms without adequate support.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Relational identity scaffolding: Evidence indicates that pairing URMs with culturally matched foster carers or mentors\u2014and embedding participatory, culturally attentive practices in schools, social services and healthcare\u2014enhances resilience, fosters a stable sense of self and improves educational and mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A shift from \u2018tick-box\u2019 integration to an identity-centred framework is both ethically necessary and practically effective. Policymakers should implement identity impact assessments, invest in culturally informed mentorship and mental-health services, and engage URMs in codesigning support programmes. Such measures can mitigate identity distress, bolster civic inclusion and guide future research on the political dimensions of national identity curation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2025-013388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T18:25:18Z","timestamp":1772475918000},"page":"medhum-2025-013388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identity scaffolding as a moral need in the caretaking of unaccompanied refugee minors"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"given":"Faiq","family":"Habash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107182","article-title":"\u201cExamining Socio-Ecological Factors Contributing to the Promotion and Protection of Education for Unaccompanied and Separated Children in Jordan\u201d","volume":"155","author":"Aleghfeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100433","article-title":"\u201cEducation of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors in High-Income Countries: Risk and Resilience Factors\u201d","volume":"35","author":"Aleghfeli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1080\/03057925.2024.2393112","article-title":"\u201cExploring Socio-Ecological Factors That Support the Navigation and Negotiation of Education by Unaccompanied and Separated Children in Greece\u201d","volume":"55","author":"Aleghfeli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compare"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.4","first-page":"112","article-title":"\u201cRacial Diversity in Public Office and Policy Outcomes\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Auer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Public Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01262-8","article-title":"\u201cMental Health Outcomes of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors: A Rapid Review of Recent Research\u201d","volume":"23","author":"Bamford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.6","first-page":"233","article-title":"\u201cPsychosocial Support for Unaccompanied Refugee Minors: A Systematic Review\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Bang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.7","first-page":"631","article-title":"\u201cSudanese Refugee Youth in Foster Care: The \u2018Lost Boys\u2019 in America\u201d","volume":"84","author":"Bates","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2021.1930322","article-title":"\u201cContinuity and Social Support: A Longitudinal Study of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors\u2019 Care Networks\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Behrendt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies"},{"key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2013.838920"},{"key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fet051"},{"key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026999497378467"},{"key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260802090363"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.13","first-page":"18","article-title":"\u201cMigration, Cultural Bereavement and Cultural Identity\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Bhugra","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026030210250895000_medhum-2025-013388v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breakwell G. 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