{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:28:41Z","timestamp":1787218121444,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Humanities"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aims to examine cases of\n                      <jats:italic>fi\u2018l-i \u015fen\u00ee\u2018<\/jats:italic>\n                      (sexual abuse) against children during the Tanzimat period using archival documents and scholarly literature, with the goal of revealing the punitive measures imposed on perpetrators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research employs qualitative methods, specifically document analysis. A keyword search using \u2018fiil-i \u015feni\u2019 in the database of the Ottoman Archives under the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey yielded 29 relevant cases. The documents were examined with particular attention to maintaining semantic integrity on completion of the translation process. These cases were systematically tabulated in the findings section and analysed in the discussion section.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study identified 29 cases of\n                      <jats:italic>fi\u2018l-i \u015fen\u00ee\u2018<\/jats:italic>\n                      between 1839 and 1876. Four of these cases occurred before the implementation of the 1858 Penal Code, while 25 were adjudicated based on the 1858 Ottoman Penal Code. In the majority of cases, punishment was imposed in accordance with Articles 197, 198, 199 and 200 of the code.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the period preceding the 1858 Penal Code,\n                      <jats:italic>pranga<\/jats:italic>\n                      punishment\u2014entailing the chaining of offenders\u2019 feet and forcing them to perform hard labour\u2014was prominent. This served both punitive and deterrent functions. With the enforcement of the 1858 Penal Code, the legal framework became more systematic and sexual crimes were more explicitly defined and categorised. In particular, Articles 197, 198, 199 and 200 determined the type and severity of punishment based on the nature of the crime, the victim\u2019s age and the perpetrator\u2019s relationship to the victim.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2025-013448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:20:28Z","timestamp":1761844828000},"page":"369-372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cases of child sexual abuse (Fi\u2018l-i \u015een\u00ee\u2018) and punishments during the Tanzimat Era in the Ottoman Empire"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9818-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fcmtaz","family":"Dadal\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ahi Evran University Faculty of Medicine, K\u0131r\u015fehir, Turkey"},{"name":"PhDc at Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif H\u00fcdai","family":"K\u00f6ken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Ahi Evran University Faculty of Medicine, K\u0131r\u015fehir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9166-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00fcket \u00d6rnek","family":"B\u00fcken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026082002151194000_52.3.369.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci13040189","article-title":"\u201cImpact of Sexual Abuse on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"issue":"29","key":"2026082002151194000_52.3.369.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1501\/OTAM_0000000570","article-title":"\u201cOsmanl\u0131 Hukukunda Tecav\u00fcz Su\u00e7u\u201d","volume":"0","author":"Belk\u0131s","year":"2011","journal-title":"OTAM(Ankara)"},{"key":"2026082002151194000_52.3.369.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7abuk F . 2017a. \u201cY\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Toplumunda Irza Tecav\u00fcz Vakalar\u0131\u201d. 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