{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:04:55Z","timestamp":1780596295564,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Humanities"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Menstruation and homelessness are each highly stigmatised experiences, yet their intersection remains critically understudied. This paper introduces the concept of\n                    <jats:italic>amplified stigma<\/jats:italic>\n                    to describe the compounded psychosocial, material and structural harms faced by individuals who menstruate without stable housing in high-income Western cities. Drawing from a conceptual synthesis of over 70 interdisciplinary sources, including public health, feminist theory, medical sociology, anthropology and gender studies, we employ three core analytical frameworks: embodiment, objectification and intersectionality. These lenses reveal how stigma is not merely symbolic but deeply lived and institutionalised, shaping how menstruating unhoused bodies are surveilled, controlled and excluded.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Through embodiment, we explore the visceral experiences of bleeding without privacy, resources or relief, compounded by internalised shame and systemic misrecognition, especially among ageing and transgender menstruators. Objectification highlights the bureaucratic demands and surveillance that reduce menstruators to regulated bodies, often denied dignity and care. Intersectionality foregrounds how race, gender identity, class and age intersect to exacerbate exclusion and harm within shelters, healthcare and public spaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our analysis challenges dominant menstrual equity narratives that focus narrowly on product access, advocating instead for a structural justice approach grounded in dignity, recognition and systemic reform. Addressing amplified stigma requires trauma-informed, gender-inclusive policies and healthcare, alongside decriminalisation of survival behaviours and intersectional research. This paper calls for moving beyond silence and charity towards accountability and societal transformation, affirming the right of all bodies to bleed with dignity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2025-013523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:20:25Z","timestamp":1780593625000},"page":"medhum-2025-013523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amplified stigma: a conceptual synthesis of embodied intersections of menstruation and homelessness in Western urban contexts"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6790-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghna R","family":"Gaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060410201824000_medhum-2025-013523v1.1","article-title":"What\u2019s the relationship between menstruation and homelessness? 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