{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:35:49Z","timestamp":1787333749548,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Humanities"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is now an extensive and robust evidence base for arts and health, but few accounts of how or why socially engaged practices matter in ethical, experiential and aesthetic terms. This paper develops a philosophically grounded account of arts and health engagement with people whose distress is uniquely configured by the visual: those who live with facial nerve paralysis. These patients paradoxically experience hypervisibility due to their facial difference, but the resulting (often subconscious) social judgement and the profound disruption to their own sense of identity also renders them unseen. For over 4 years an experienced socially engaged artist was embedded in the multidisciplinary Sydney Facial Nerve Clinic, working with patients and clinicians through an emergent, relational practice-based artistic methodology, and eventually producing an exhibition of 15 artworks. We discuss four of these works in detail\u2014large-scale projected portraits that superimpose patients\u2019 faces onto their clinician\u2019s hands, a surgically unravelled French horn, an oblique dialogue between surgeon and patient, and a technology infused lachrymal vase\u2014analysing both the processes of creation and responses of participants and gallery viewers to the outcomes. We argue that both the form and effects of the practice can be understood through Emmanuel Levinas\u2019 ethical \u2018optics\u2019. The processes and aesthetics of this relational, experimental and unforeclosed practice resist dominating forms of knowing. The \u2018site\u2019 of the work is in the open encounters in which the artist responds to the ethical responsibility of coming \u2018face to face\u2019 with the Other\u2014in this case, patients and clinicians\u2014by making themselves vulnerable to being affected through this practice. In the artistic outcomes, patients and clinicians can be seen without being reduced, and gallery visitors are kept safe while experiencing vulnerable witnessing. We suggest that rather than providing predefined and predictable benefits, the arts here become a hospitable practice of attention, uncertainty and responsibility that enables new conversations in the clinic and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2026-014053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:20:26Z","timestamp":1787332826000},"page":"medhum-2026-014053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Face to face: towards a philosophy of socially engaged arts in health"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"given":"Vic","family":"McEwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney Sydney Conservatorium of Music, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Coulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney Sydney School of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.1","unstructured":"Maurice A . Face and mask: A double history by Hans Belting. 2017."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0336","article-title":"How \u201cvisual\u201d is the visual cortex? The interactions between the visual cortex and other sensory, motivational and motor systems as enabling factors for visual perception","volume":"378","author":"Pennartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae228","article-title":"Visual periodicity reveals distinct attentional signatures for face and non-face categories","volume":"34","author":"Quek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.22.14.4245","article-title":"Faces may not be special for attention after all","volume":"22","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.5","unstructured":"Pinson S . What\u2019s in a face? Metropolitan Museum of Art. Available: https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/perspectives\/portraiture-faces-around-the-world [Accessed 12 Mar 2026]."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belting H , Hansen A , Hansen T . Face and Mask: A Double History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2022.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv29sfzv4"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470412906066907"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.9","unstructured":"Findlay C . Say Hello . Sydney, New South Wales: HarperCollins Publishers Australia, 2019."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2014.897151"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.240882","article-title":"What is beautiful is still good: the attractiveness halo effect in the era of beauty filters","volume":"11","author":"Gulati","year":"2024","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2021.03.008","article-title":"Perceptions of Patients with Facial Paralysis: Predicting Social Implications and Setting Goals","volume":"29","author":"Lyford-Pike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2024-001933","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perspectives of ophthalmic management of facial nerve paralysis","volume":"10","author":"Coulson","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophth"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2020.1728380","article-title":"Oral competence following facial nerve paralysis: Functional and quality of life measures","volume":"23","author":"Charters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200411000-00026"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.158","article-title":"Psychological distress in people with disfigurement from facial palsy","volume":"25","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2016.07.001","article-title":"Clinical importance of smiling in patients with a peripheral facial palsy","volume":"69","author":"Pouwels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.18","unstructured":"Erving G . Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. 1st edn. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannem S , Bruckert C . Stigma Revisited: Implications of the Mark. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2012.","DOI":"10.1353\/book19215"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00176-9","article-title":"When dignity meets evidence","volume":"401","author":"Abimbola","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.21","unstructured":"McEwan V . Face to face: philosophy and impacts of socially engaged art with patients at the sydney facial nerve clinic . 2023"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.22","unstructured":"Anatole B . Intoxicated by My Illness: And Other Writings on Life and Death. 1st edn. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1992."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.23","unstructured":"Fancourt D . Art Cure: The Science of How the Arts Transform Our Health. London: Cornerstone Press, 2026."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30384-9","article-title":"How leisure activities affect health: a narrative review and multi-level theoretical framework of mechanisms of action","volume":"8","author":"Fancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.25","unstructured":"Fancourt D , Bone J , Bu F , et al . The Impact of Arts and Cultural Engagement on Population Health: Findings from Major Cohort Studies in the UK and USA 2017 \u2013 2022. London: University College, 2023."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiberger L . Impact of a weekly dance class on the functional mobility and on the quality of life of individuals with parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Ag Neurosci 2011;3. doi:10.3389\/fnagi.2011.00014","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2011.00014"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fancourt D , Williamon A , Carvalho LA , et al . Singing modulates mood, stress, cortisol, cytokine and neuropeptide activity in cancer patients and carers. ecancer 2016;10. doi:10.3332\/ecancer.2016.631","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2016.631"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/07421656.2016.1166832","article-title":"Reduction of Cortisol Levels and Participants\u2019 Responses Following Art Making","volume":"33","author":"Kaimal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Art Ther (Alex)"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-018-9593-8","article-title":"Magic Moments: Determinants of Stress Relief and Subjective Wellbeing from Visiting a Cultural Heritage Site","volume":"43","author":"Grossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13944","article-title":"Effects of creativity on social and behavioral adjustment in 7- to 11-year-old children: Creativity and adjustment in 7- to 11-year-old children","volume":"1438","author":"Fancourt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150221","article-title":"The ice-breaker effect: singing mediates fast social bonding","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01096","article-title":"Music and social bonding: \u201cself-other\u201d merging and neurohormonal mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Tarr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonke J , Pesata V , Colverson A , et al . Relationships between arts participation, social cohesion, and wellbeing: an integrative review and conceptual model. [Preprint] 2024. doi:10.1101\/2024.05.01.24306077","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.01.24306077"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3390\/adolescents4030024","article-title":"Building a Sense of Belonging in Dance with Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Sango","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adolescents"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00313-9","article-title":"The arts in public health policy: progress and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Dow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marini MG . Narrative Medicine: Bridging the Gap between Evidence-Based Care and Medical Humanities. 1st edn. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22090-1_1"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieger N . Ecosocial Theory, Embodied Truths, and the People\u2019s Health. 1st edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197510728.002.0001"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17414.2","article-title":"What are the active ingredients of \u201carts in health\u201d activities? Development of the INgredients iN ArTs in hEalth (INNATE) Framework","volume":"7","author":"Warran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139241290391","article-title":"Towards a sociology of arts and health: how can sociology reveal \u201cthat which is hidden\u201d?","volume":"145","author":"Warran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.40","unstructured":"Bishop C . Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship. Verso Books, 2012."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kester GH . Beyond the Sovereign Self: Aesthetic Autonomy from the Avant-Garde to Socially Engaged Art. Duke University Press, 2023. Available: https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/book\/118566","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478027478"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kester GH . The One and the Many Contemporary Collaborative Art in a Global Context. Durham. N.C: Duke University Press, 2011. Available: https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822394037\/html","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822394037"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2025.100501","article-title":"How arts and cultural activities can reduce disaster risk and improve recovery outcomes: An interdisciplinary scoping review with thematic synthesis","volume":"29","author":"Hooker","year":"2026","journal-title":"Progress in Disaster Science"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson J . Care Aesthetics: For Artful Care and Careful Art . Abingdon: Routledge, 2022.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003260066"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpp.2014.41011","article-title":"The Role of Philosophy in Modern Medicine","volume":"04","author":"Tosam","year":"2014","journal-title":"OJPP"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.46","unstructured":"Barnett T , Meyrick J , Phiddian R . What Matters?: Talking Value in Australian Culture. 1st edn. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Publishing, 2018."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Large W . Levinas\u2019s \u2018Totality and Infinity\u2019: A Reader\u2019s Guide. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781474219150"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levinas E . Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. 4th edn. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9342-6"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.49","unstructured":"Emmanuel L . Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. The Hague: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1979."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.50","unstructured":"Margrit S . Embodying the Monster: Encounters with the Vulnerable Self. 1st edn. London: SAGE, 2002."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor C . Hard, Dry Eyes and Eyes That Weep: Vision and Ethics in Levinas and Derrida. pmc 2006;16. doi:10.1353\/pmc.2006.0021","DOI":"10.1353\/pmc.2006.0021"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keenan H . The Ethics of Visuality: Levinas and the Contemporary Gaze. London: I.B.Tauris, 2013.","DOI":"10.5040\/9780755694433"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.53","unstructured":"The Cad Factory, Available: https:\/\/www.cadfactory.com.au\/ [Accessed 18 Mar 2026]."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.54","unstructured":"McEwan V , McEwan S , Coulson S , et al . Conditions for Change: Philosophies of Socially Engaged Art. Routledge, 2026."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kara H . Creative Research Methods. Bristol: Policy Press, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.56687\/9781447356769\/html","DOI":"10.51952\/9781447356769"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.56","unstructured":"Braidotti R . Posthuman Knowledge. Medford, MA: Polity, 2019."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.57","unstructured":"Smith J , Flowers P , Larkin M . Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Sage, 2021."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker S . Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis: Identifying the \u2018Relational\u2019 in Systemic Inquiry. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526440709"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.59","unstructured":"2022."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.60","unstructured":"de Laet SJ , Dani AH . History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC. UNESCO, 1994."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1162\/daed_a_01938","article-title":"Patients Are Humans Too: The Emergence of Medical Humanities","volume":"151","author":"Wailoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34239\/ajops.74141","article-title":"Exploring patient values and perceptions with facial nerve palsy to help guide management: An Australian perspective","volume":"6","author":"Hasmat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australas J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2025.101956","article-title":"The value of empathy in medical practice: A neurobehavioral perspective","volume":"12","author":"Decety","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Sciences & Humanities Open"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155432","article-title":"Women and Stigma: A Protocol for Understanding Intersections of Experience through Body Mapping","volume":"17","author":"Boydell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhae037","article-title":"Where There\u2019s Hope, There\u2019s Life 1: On the Importance of Hope in Health Care","volume":"50","author":"Clarke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Philos"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.66","first-page":"149","article-title":"Levinas on Art and Aestheticism: Getting \u201cReality and Its Shadow\u201d Right","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Levinas Studies"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rockhill G , Watts P , Watts P , et al . Jacques Ranci\u00e8re: History, Politics, Aesthetics. 1st edn. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781478090977-002"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/1472586X.2014.863019","article-title":"The ethics of visuality: Levinas and the contemporary gaze","volume":"29","author":"Patton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Visual Studies"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1353\/lm.2005.0027","article-title":"The other side of silence: Levinas, medicine, and literature","volume":"24","author":"Irvine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lit Med"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fricker M . Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press, 2007.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198237907.001.0001"},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.71","unstructured":"Tronto JC . Caring Democracy: Markets, Equality, and Justice. NYU Press, 2013."},{"key":"2026082110202062000_medhum-2026-014053v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13010-025-00179-x","article-title":"Ethical-Linguistic constitution of clinical subjectivities: a L\u00e9vinasian perspective","volume":"20","author":"Pompilio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Philos Ethics Humanit Med"}],"container-title":["Medical Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/medhum-2026-014053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:20:36Z","timestamp":1787332836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/medhum-2026-014053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/medhum-2026-014053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medhum-2026-014053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1468-215X","1473-4265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1468-215X","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}