{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:31:09Z","timestamp":1791178269531,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"\n Aims:<\/jats:bold>\n To assess hazards associated with exposure to dust in the London Underground railway and to provide an informed opinion on the risks to workers and the travelling public of exposure to tunnel dust.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n Concentrations of dust, as mass (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ) and particle number, were measured at different underground stations and in train cabs; its size and composition were analysed; likely maximal exposures of staff and passengers were estimated; and in vitro toxicological testing of sample dusts in comparison with other dusts was performed.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Concentrations on station platforms were 270\u2013480 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and 14 000\u201329 000 particles\/cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n . Cab concentrations over a shift averaged 130\u2013200 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n and 17 000\u201323 000 particles\/cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n . The dust comprised by mass approximately 67% iron oxide, 1\u20132% quartz, and traces of other metals, the residue being volatile matter. The finest particles are drawn underground from the surface while the coarser dust is generated by interaction of brakes, wheels, and rails. Taking account of durations of exposure, drivers and station staff would have maximum exposures of about 200 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n over eight hours; the occupational exposure standard for welding fume, as iron oxide, is 5 mg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n over an eight hour shift. Toxicology showed the dust to have cytotoxic and inflammatory potential at high doses, consistent with its composition largely of iron oxide.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n It is unjustifiable to compare PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure underground with that on the surface, since the adverse effects of iron oxide and combustion generated particles differ. Concentrations of ultrafine particles are lower and of coarser (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ) particles higher underground than on the surface. The concentrations underground are well below allowable workplace concentrations for iron oxide and unlikely to represent a significant cumulative risk to the health of workers or commuters.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.014332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,18]],"date-time":"2005-05-18T18:39:08Z","timestamp":1116441548000},"page":"355-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":240,"title":["The London Underground: dust and hazards to health"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Seaton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Cherrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Dennekamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J F","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C L","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00201-6"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00723-9"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.3","first-page":"3","volume":"37","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1021\/es034734y","volume":"38","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.5","unstructured":"Health and Safety Executive. Dust in the London Underground. London: HMSO, 1982."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.6","unstructured":"Priest D, Burns G, Gorbunov B. Dust levels on the London Underground: a health hazard to commuters? 1998. http:\/\/62.164.135.147\/feat\/feat0017.htm."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.7","unstructured":"Britton M . Lifestyle and your lungs. Lung Report III. British Lung Foundation 2003."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.8","unstructured":"Health and Safety Executive. Quartz in respirable airborne dusts. Laboratory method using infra-red spectroscopy (direct method). MDHS 37 1987."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.9","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Metal and metalloid particulate in workplace atmospheres. Method ID121. Washington: OSHA, 1991, http:\/\/www.osha.gov\/dts\/sltc\/methods\/inorganic\/id121\/id121.html."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.10","unstructured":"Committee on Medical Effects of Air Pollution. Non-biological particles and health. London: HMSO, 1995."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910170110","volume":"17","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149409031733","volume":"20","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.12.817"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00277.2002"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.021"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.12.2973"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.17","unstructured":"Cullen RT, Addison J, Brown GM, et al. Experimental studies on dust in the London Underground, with special reference to the effects of iron on the toxicity of quartz. IOM Report TM\/95\/01. Edinburgh: Institute of Occupational Medicine, 1995."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.10.002"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.19","unstructured":"Hurley F, Cherrie J, Donaldson K, et al. Assessment of health effects of long-term exposure to tunnel dust in the London Underground. IOM Report TM\/02\/04, appendix 2. Edinburgh: Institute of Occupational Medicine, 2004."},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L396","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1998.274.3.L396","volume":"274","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol (Lung Cell Mol Physiol 18)"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.21","first-page":"82","volume":"61","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf188"},{"key":"2024052222432224000_62.6.355.23","first-page":"242","volume":"46","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.2004.014332","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T02:28:44Z","timestamp":1716431324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.2004.014332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.2004.014332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.2004.014332","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,18]]}}}