{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:22:35Z","timestamp":1788466955433,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>To clarify the causes of death of residents with renal tubular dysfunction induced by cadmium (Cd) in the environment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>A 15 year follow up study was performed with the inhabitants living in the Cd polluted Kakehashi River basin in Japan. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for causes of death, classified by ICD-9, were computed using the person-years method to investigate the excess mortality of subjects with urinary \u03b22-MG (microglobulin) \u2a7e1000 \u03bcg\/gCr. Mortality risk analysis was performed using Cox\u2019s proportional model to compare mortality between subjects with urinary \u03b22-MG \u2a7e1000 and &lt;1000 \u03bcg\/gCr, and to investigate the relationship between the degree of urinary \u03b22-MG and mortality.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Excess mortality due to heart failure and cerebral infarction in both sexes, and nephritis and nephrosis in men, was observed among subjects with urinary \u03b22-MG \u2a7e1000 \u03bcg\/gCr. Significant increases in mortality risk for cerebral infarction in men and for malignant neoplasms in women with urinary \u03b22-MG \u2a7e1000 \u03bcg\/gCr were observed during the first five year observation period. For nephritis and nephrosis, the mortality risks for men and women with urinary \u03b22-MG \u2a7e1000 \u03bcg\/gCr significantly increased over the 15 year observation period. The mortality risks for heart failure and cerebral infarction increased in proportion to the increased urinary \u03b22-MG in both sexes. Increased mortality risks for nephritis and nephrosis were identified in the subjects with urinary \u03b22-MG \u2a7e10000 \u03bcg\/gCr in both sexes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>Renal tubular dysfunction induced by Cd affected the causes of death, and mortality for heart failure, cerebral infarction, and nephritis and nephrosis was increased among inhabitants living in a Cd polluted area in Japan. In women, cancer mortality may have been increased while Cd pollution was ongoing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.026591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,7]],"date-time":"2006-04-07T00:25:11Z","timestamp":1144369511000},"page":"545-550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Causes of death and renal tubular dysfunction in residents exposed to cadmium in the 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