{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:19:53Z","timestamp":1791271193023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the associations between Parkinson\u2019s disease and other degenerative parkinsonian syndromes and environmental factors in five European countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case\u2013control study of 959 prevalent cases of parkinsonism (767 with Parkinson\u2019s disease) and 1989 controls in Scotland, Italy, Sweden, Romania and Malta was carried out. Cases were defined using the United Kingdom Parkinson\u2019s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria, and those with drug-induced or vascular parkinsonism or dementia were excluded. Subjects completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire about lifetime occupational and hobby exposure to solvents, pesticides, iron, copper and manganese. Lifetime and average annual exposures were estimated blind to disease status using a job-exposure matrix modified by subjective exposure modelling. Results were analysed using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, country, tobacco use, ever knocked unconscious and family history of Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted logistic regression analyses showed significantly increased odds ratios for Parkinson\u2019s disease\/parkinsonism with an exposure\u2013response relationship for pesticides (low vs no exposure, odds ratio (OR)\u200a=\u200a1.13, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.57, high vs no exposure, OR\u200a=\u200a1.41, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.88) and ever knocked unconscious (once vs never, OR\u200a=\u200a1.35, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.68, more than once vs never, OR\u200a=\u200a2.53, 95% CI 1.78 to 3.59). Hypnotic, anxiolytic or antidepressant drug use for more than 1 year and a family history of Parkinson\u2019s disease showed significantly increased odds ratios. Tobacco use was protective (OR\u200a=\u200a0.50, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.60). Analyses confined to subjects with Parkinson\u2019s disease gave similar results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association of pesticide exposure with Parkinson\u2019s disease suggests a causative role. Repeated traumatic loss of consciousness is associated with increased risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.027003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T23:03:26Z","timestamp":1172790206000},"page":"666-672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":231,"title":["Environmental risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: the Geoparkinson study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"F D","family":"Dick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N W","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G 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