{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:56:32Z","timestamp":1777640192354,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"Objectives:<\/jats:title>To identify the effects of indium on the lung and to assess exposure-effect and exposure-response relations between indium exposure and effects on the lungs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods:<\/jats:title>Ninety three male indium exposed and 93 male non-exposed workers from four ITO manufacturing or ITO recycling plants were analysed in a cross-sectional study. Indium in serum (In-S) was determined as a biological exposure index. Geometric means (GSD) of In-S were 8.25 ng\/ml (4.55) in the exposed workers and 0.25 (2.64) in the non-exposed workers. The maximum concentration of In-S was 116.9 ng\/ml. A questionnaire for respiratory symptoms and job histories, spirometry, high-resolution computerised tomography (HRCT) of the chest, serum KL-6, serum SP-A, serum SP-D and serum CRP were measured as the effect indices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results:<\/jats:title>Spirometry, subjective symptoms and the prevalence of interstitial or emphysematous changes on lung HRCT showed no differences between exposed and non-exposed workers. Geometric means (GSD) of KL-6, SP-D and SP-A in the exposed workers were 495.4 U\/ml (2.26), 85.2 ng\/ml (2.02) and 39.6 ng\/ml (1.57), and were significantly higher than those in the non-exposed workers. The prevalence (%) of the exposed and non-exposed workers exceeding the reference values were also significantly higher in KL-6 (41.9 vs 2.2), SP-D (39.8 vs 7.5), and SP-A (43.0 vs 24.7). Very sharp exposure-effect and exposure-response relations were discovered between In-S and KL-6 and between In-S and SP-D when the exposed workers were classified into seven groups by In-S.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>The study outcomes with regard to the basis of serum immunochemistry biomarkers and HRCT indicate that exposure to hardly soluble indium compound dust may represent a risk for interstitial lung damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.029124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,12]],"date-time":"2007-07-12T00:55:42Z","timestamp":1184201742000},"page":"51-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Exposure to hardly soluble indium compounds in ITO production and recycling plants is a new risk for interstitial lung damage"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Hamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Omae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Takebayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Nishiwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Taguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Chonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.38.6","article-title":"In vitro solubility and in vivo toxicity of indium phosphide.","volume":"38","author":"Kabe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.35.61","article-title":"Toxicity of a low level of indium phosphide (InP) in rats after intratracheal instillation.","volume":"35","author":"Oda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indust Health"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.39.205","article-title":"Effects of intratracheally administered indium phosphide on male Fischer 344 rats.","volume":"39","author":"Uemura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.4","first-page":"108","article-title":"Chronic toxicity of indium arsenide and indium phosphide to the lung of hamsters.","volume":"87","author":"Tanaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fukuoka Acta Med"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.5","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comparative study of the toxic effects of gallium arsenide, indium arsenide and arsenic trioxide following intratracheal instillations to the lung of Syrian golden hamsters.","volume":"91","author":"Tanaka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fukuoka Acta Med"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.42.169","article-title":"Long term pulmonary toxicity of indium arsenide and indium phosphide instilled intratracheally in hamsters.","volume":"42","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1996.0108"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.42.196"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.9","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of indium phosphide (CAS No 22398-80-7) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Inhalation studies). Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Service, Public Health Service, 2001."},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.10","unstructured":"IARC. Monographs Vol 86. Cobalt in hard metals and cobalt sulfate, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and vanadium pentoxide. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006."},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.137"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.10012704"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00020306"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.228"},{"key":"2024052223255063000_65.1.51.15","unstructured":"The Japanese Respiratory Society. 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