{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:57:16Z","timestamp":1793692636709,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to elevated levels of ambient air pollutants can lead to adverse cardiovascular effects. Potential mechanisms include systemic inflammation and perturbation of the coagulation balance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate long- and short-term effects of air pollution exposure on serum levels of inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and CRP) and coagulation (fibrinogen and PAI-1) markers relevant for cardiovascular pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study group consisted of a population sample of 1028 men and 508 women aged 45\u201370 years from Stockholm. Long-term air pollution exposure was assessed using spatial modelling of traffic-related NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and heating-related SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>emissions at each subject\u2019s residential addresses over retrospective periods of 1, 5 and 30 years. Short-term exposure was assessed as averages of rooftop measurements over 12\u2013120 h before blood sampling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long-term exposures to both traffic-NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and heating-SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>emissions showed consistent associations with IL-6 levels. 30-year average traffic-NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>exposure was associated with a 64.5% (95% CI 6.7% to 153.8%) increase in serum IL-6 per 28.8 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>(corresponding to the difference between the 5th and 95th percentile exposure value), and 30-year exposure to heating-SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>with a 67.6% (95% CI 7.1% to 162.2%) increase per 39.4 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>(5th\u201395th percentile value difference). The association appeared stronger in non-smokers, physically active people and hypertensive subjects. We observed positive non-significant associations of inflammatory markers with NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>during 24 h before blood sampling. Short-term exposure to O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>was associated with increased, and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>with decreased, fibrinogen levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that exposure to moderate levels of air pollution may influence serum levels of inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.043471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,18]],"date-time":"2009-08-18T00:18:44Z","timestamp":1250554724000},"page":"747-753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Associations of long- and short-term air pollution exposure with markers of inflammation and coagulation in a population 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