{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:48:27Z","timestamp":1791089307262,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between the use of biocides and insect repellents and the risk of hypospadias was examined in a large case\u2013control study in the South East of England.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case\u2013control study was carried out among 471 cases of hypospadias referred to surgeons, and 490 randomly selected population-based controls, born between 1 January 1997 and 30 September 1998. Telephone interviews were conducted between September 2000 and March 2003. The questionnaire included information on demographic, lifestyle and environmental factors, including the use of biocides and insect repellents, during pregnancy. A total biocide score was created from summing positive responses to an eight-item biocide exposure questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of insect repellent (adjusted OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.11) during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with risk of hypospadias, but none of the biocides, or indicators for them, except for the total biocide score for the highest two exposure categories (score 3: adjusted OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.94; and scores 4 and 5 combined: adjusted OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.01 to 8.78) showed statistically significant associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors found an association between the use of insect repellent and total biocide score and risk of hypospadias. In particular, the use of insect repellent warrants further investigation, specifically in relation to type, content and frequency of use since this information was missing in the current study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.047373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,2]],"date-time":"2009-12-02T01:15:20Z","timestamp":1259716520000},"page":"196-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Use of biocides and insect repellents and risk of hypospadias"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Dugas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Nieuwenhuijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Iszatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320100103"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.23.4.333"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00002"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2004.00473.x"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7243"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.6","first-page":"261","article-title":"A case-control study on risk factors of hypospadias","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4321\/S0004-06142006000100002","article-title":"Congenital urological anomalies: epidemiological description and associated risk factors in Colombia 2001\u20132004","volume":"59","author":"Sebastian Calder\u00f3n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2006.00703.x"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9351"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66578-0"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342003000600002","article-title":"DDT\/DDE concentrations and risk of hypospadias. Pilot case-control study","volume":"45","author":"Flores-Lu\u00e9vano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20065"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2005.00582.x","article-title":"Maternal age and hypospadias","volume":"84","author":"Bianca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1552"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.10092"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9146","article-title":"Agricultural pesticide use and hypospadias in eastern Arkansas","volume":"114","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0304-z"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11933","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors in the work place, hairspray, folate supplementation, and risk of hypospadias: case-control study","volume":"117","author":"Ormond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199709000-00011"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(03)00099-6"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.01.006"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9351"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.08.006"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.24","first-page":"112","article-title":"Hypospadias\u2014genetics, epidemiology and other possible aetiological influences","volume":"39","author":"Angerpointner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Z Kinderchir"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5856.768"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000153035","article-title":"Aetiological studies of hypospadias in Hungary","volume":"29","author":"Czeizel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.27","first-page":"202","article-title":"[Study of the embrotoxic properties of the repellent diethyltoluamide]","volume":"38","author":"Gleberman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Farmakol Toksikol"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.28","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Active Ingredients found in insect repellents. Available from http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticides\/health\/mosquitoes\/ai_insectrp.htm (accessed 31 August 2007)."},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.29","unstructured":"Carstairs V Morris R . Socio-economic status and health in Scotland. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1991."},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxn010"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.285","article-title":"Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy","volume":"65","author":"McGready","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400110091032"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809302700305","article-title":"Insect repellent (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) cardiovascular toxicity in an adult","volume":"27","author":"Clem","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659709001224","article-title":"Neurological effects associated with use of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)","volume":"35","author":"Osimitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.323","article-title":"Short report: the safety and toxicity of insect repellents","volume":"59","author":"Goodyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/cmaj.4.4.209.63688"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306463"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1994.1079"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6774"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106793"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.4.313"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7382","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides and male genital anomalies in the child health and development studies","volume":"113","author":"Bhatia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mei033"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.07.008","article-title":"Behaviour and disposal of pesticides in Avon households","volume":"97","author":"Grey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024052300144782000_67.3.196.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.002"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.2009.047373","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T08:49:15Z","timestamp":1716454155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.2009.047373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.2009.047373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.2009.047373","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]}}}