{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:54:03Z","timestamp":1791262443838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perchloroethylene (PCE) is a known animal carcinogen and probable human carcinogen. Dry cleaning exposures, particularly PCE, are also associated with renal toxicity. The objective was to follow-up a cohort of dry cleaners to evaluate mortality and assess end-stage renal disease (ESRD) morbidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study adds 8\u2005years of mortality follow-up for 1704 dry cleaning workers in four cities. Employees eligible for inclusion worked for \u22651 year before 1960 in a shop using PCE as the primary solvent. Life table analyses for mortality and ESRD morbidity were conducted. Only employees alive on 1 January 1977 were included in ESRD analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall cancer deaths were in significant excess in this cohort (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.36). Oesophageal, lung and tongue cancers had significant excesses of deaths. Oesophageal cancer risk was highest among those employed in a PCE-using shop for \u22655\u2005years with \u226520\u2005years' latency since first such employment. Deaths from non-malignant underlying diseases of the stomach and duodenum were in significant excess. Hypertensive ESRD morbidity was significantly elevated in the entire cohort (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 1.98, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.27), and among workers employed only in PCE-using dry cleaning shops for \u22655 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Employment in the dry cleaning industry and occupational exposure to PCE are associated with an increased risk for ESRD and for cancer at several sites. The employment duration findings for oesophageal cancer and hypertensive ESRD further support an association with PCE exposure instead of lifestyle or socioeconomic factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.060665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,17]],"date-time":"2010-12-17T01:36:19Z","timestamp":1292549779000},"page":"709-716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Mortality and end-stage renal disease incidence among dry cleaning workers"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey M","family":"Calvert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avima M","family":"Ruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin R","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052300420268000_68.10.709.1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Tetrachloroethylene","volume-title":"Dry cleaning, some chlorinated solvents, and other industrial chemicals","volume":"63","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024052300420268000_68.10.709.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enfo.2000.0010"},{"key":"2024052300420268000_68.10.709.3","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. 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