{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:13:21Z","timestamp":1789384401564,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1964,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/oem.21.1.52","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T23:43:41Z","timestamp":1229471021000},"page":"52-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Toxicological Properties of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Dimethoate"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"D. M.","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. F.","family":"Edson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"1961; Sauti and Pietri-Tonelli, 1959b; Fontanelli and Lanforti, 1959; American Cyanamid","author":"el al, West","year":"1957","unstructured":"West el al. 1961; Sauti and Pietri-Tonelli, 1959b; Fontanelli and Lanforti, 1959; American Cyanamid Co., 1957; Chilwell and Beecham, 1960.","journal-title":"Co; Chilwell and Beecham"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"The product (dimethyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorothiolate), which we shall call the thiolate analogue, is a toxic metabolite (see below) and has been isolated (Santi and","volume":"1959","author":"Dauterman et al.","year":"1960","unstructured":"The product (dimethyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorothiolate), which we shall call the thiolate analogue, is a toxic metabolite (see below) and has been isolated (Santi and Pietri-Tonelli, 1959 a, b; Fontanelli and Lanforti, 1959; Dauterman, Viado, Casida, and O'Brien, 1960). Dauterman et al. (1960) also showed that oxidation occurs slowly in air, and Santi and Pietri-Tonelli (1959 a, b) that the oxidation is accelerated by some metallic ions. The 0-methyl groups of dimethoate may undergo exchange reactions with alcohols, giving rise to changes in toxicological properties: potentiation tests, as listed later, were either commercial formulations or technical grades.","journal-title":"Pietri-Tonelli; also showed that oxidation occurs slowly in air, and Santi and Pietri-Tonelli (1959 a, b) that the oxidation is accelerated by some metallic ions. The 0-methyl groups of dimethoate may undergo exchange reactions with alcohols, giving rise to changes in toxicological properties: potentiation tests, as listed later, were either commercial formulations or technical grades"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"except","article-title":"Oral dosing was by stomach tube, under ether anaesthesia except in birds and the rabbit. Dermal toxicity was examined by the method described by Edson and Noakes (1960). In acute tests animals were normally observed for seven days. LD50 values were computed by the method of Weil","author":"Administration","year":"1952","unstructured":"Administration.-Oral dosing was by stomach tube, under ether anaesthesia except in birds and the rabbit. Dermal toxicity was examined by the method described by Edson and Noakes (1960). In acute tests animals were normally observed for seven days. LD50 values were computed by the method of Weil (1952), except"},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Such reactions have been observed in 2-methoxyand 2-ethoxy-ethanol (Casida and Sanderson, 1961, 1963) and in isopropanol. Any changes in other solvents are slow and are probably due to contact with moist air (see later)","unstructured":"Such reactions have been observed in 2-methoxyand 2-ethoxy-ethanol (Casida and Sanderson, 1961, 1963) and in isopropanol. Any changes in other solvents are slow and are probably due to contact with moist air (see later)."},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"Analytical methods have been devised for dimethoate in technical and formulated material","volume-title":"1960) and in crops (Chilwell and Beecham, 1960; Chilwell and Hartley, 1961; Bazzi, 1959; Enos and Frear, 1961; Giang and Schechter","year":"1963","unstructured":"Analytical methods have been devised for dimethoate in technical and formulated material (Dupee, Gardner, and Newton, 1960; Fusco, Marchese, Placucci, and Losco, 1960) and in crops (Chilwell and Beecham, 1960; Chilwell and Hartley, 1961; Bazzi, 1959; Enos and Frear, 1961; Giang and Schechter, 1963)."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"and","article-title":"Biochemical Techniques. Methods for manometric measurement of cholinesterase and anticholinesterase activities, and preparation and incubation with tissue slices, were as described by Fenwick, Barron, and Watson","volume-title":"Some direct activities were confirmed by miosis","author":"Edson, Sanderson; Watson; Noakes","year":"1957","unstructured":"Biochemical Techniques.-Methods for manometric measurement of cholinesterase and anticholinesterase activities, and preparation and incubation with tissue slices, were as described by Fenwick, Barron, and Watson (1957) and Edson, Sanderson, Watson, and Noakes (1962). Some direct activities were confirmed by miosis (Sanderson, 1957). Toxicity tests were often accompanied by estimations of cholinesterase inhibition, which are a sensitive test of subacute poisoning by organophosphates, and pre-mortem blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture under ether anaesthesia."},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Column chromatography was carried out essentially","volume-title":"The column was first eluted with a 10: 7: 3 v\/v mixture of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and chloroform, saturated with water, replaced after a suitable period by chloroform saturated with water. Paper partition chromatography was by simple downiward development on untreated Whatman No. 1 paper strips by either chloroform or carbon tetrachloride","author":"Chromatography","year":"1955","unstructured":"Chromatography.-Column chromatography was carried out essentially as described by Heath, Lane, and Park (1955). The column was first eluted with a 10:7:3 v\/v mixture of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and chloroform, saturated with water, replaced after a suitable period by chloroform saturated with water. Paper partition chromatography was by simple downiward development on untreated Whatman No. 1 paper strips by either chloroform or carbon tetrachloride."},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"The results in Table 2 agree well with those of other workers (Santi and Pietri-Tonelli, 1959b; American Cyanamid","volume":"1957","author":"true","year":"1959","unstructured":"The results in Table 2 agree well with those of other workers (Santi and Pietri-Tonelli, 1959b; American Cyanamid Co., 1957, 1958; Edson and Noakes, 1960; Sherman and Ross, 1961; Soc. Montecatini, personal communications; West, Vidone, and Shaffer, 1961; Hewitt et al., 1958a; Dauterman, Casida, Knaak, and Kowalczyk, 1959).","journal-title":"Co"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"sheep","article-title":"Other workers have examined the toxicity of dimethoate to larger animals, their results including the following acute oral LD50 values: dogs >100 mg.\/kg","volume":"1960","author":"mg.\/kg. (Hewitt, 80","year":"1958","unstructured":"Other workers have examined the toxicity of dimethoate to larger animals, their results including the following acute oral LD50 values: dogs >100 mg.\/kg. (Hewitt et al., 1958b), horses >50 mg.\/kg. (Jackson et al. 1960), sheep 80 mg.\/kg. (Hewitt et al., 1958a,b; Chamberlain, Gatterdam, and Hopkins, TABLE 2 ACUTE ORAL LD50 VALUES FOR DIMETHOATE (mg.\/kg.)","journal-title":"(Jackson et al; 50 mg.\/kg"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"Dauterman","author":"and cattle 70 mg.\/kg. (Hewitt","year":"1959","unstructured":"), and cattle 70 mg.\/kg. (Hewitt et al., 1958a,b; Kaplanis, Robbins. Darrow, Hopkins, Monroe, and Treiber, 1959; Drummond, 1959; Dauterman et al., 1959).","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"These findings are in good agreement with those of other workers (West et","volume-title":"Soc. Montecatini, personal communications; Edson and Noakes","year":"1957","unstructured":"These findings are in good agreement with those of other workers (West et al., 1961; American Cyanamid Co., 1957; Soc. Montecatini, personal communications; Edson and Noakes, 1960)."},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Table 3 shows the range of acute LD50 values in various species obtained with different preparations of dimethoate in this laboratory","author":"Toxicity, Parenteral","unstructured":"Parenteral Toxicity.-Table 3 shows the range of acute LD50 values in various species obtained with different preparations of dimethoate in this laboratory. Seume and O'Brien (1960) and Krueger, ACUTE INJECTION LD,, VALUES FOR DIMETHOATE (mg.\/kg.)","journal-title":"Seume and O'Brien (1960) and Krueger, ACUTE INJECTION LD,, VALUES FOR DIMETHOATE"},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"report mouse intraperitoneal LD50 values in propylene glycol of 140 to 205 mg.\/kg. Other results by Soc. Montecatini (personal communications) are in close agreement with those above","author":"O'Brien; Dauterman","year":"1960","unstructured":"O'Brien, and Dauterman (1960) report mouse intraperitoneal LD50 values in propylene glycol of 140 to 205 mg.\/kg. Other results by Soc. Montecatini (personal communications) are in close agreement with those above."},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"These results are in close agreement both with our cumulative tests and with the dietary results of Soc. Montecatini (personal communications)","year":"1961","unstructured":"These results are in close agreement both with our cumulative tests and with the dietary results of Soc. Montecatini (personal communications). However, West et al. (1961) and the American Cyanamid Co. (1957) found the dietary toxicity to be only oneseventh of ours, for some unknown reason.","journal-title":"However, West et al; and the American Cyanamid Co"},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"with the maximum attainable residue of dimethoate caused no toxic effects, and that the residues, including possible plant metabolites, behaved in exactly the same way as unmetabolized dimethoate","year":"1960","unstructured":"with the maximum attainable residue of dimethoate caused no toxic effects, and that the residues, including possible plant metabolites, behaved in exactly the same way as unmetabolized dimethoate (Chilwell and Beecham, 1960)."},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Birds have been studied by other workers. Sherman and Ross","author":"however, E.P.N.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Birds have been studied by other workers. Sherman and Ross (1961) found that chicks fed dimethoate for one week showed toxic effects at 88 but not at 44 p.p.m. in the diet. Alessandrini (1960) found that 500 to 1,000 p.p.m. of dimethoate however, E.P.N., tri-o-cresyl phosphate, and tri-ocresyl phosphorothionate did potentiate dimethoate (Seume and O'Brien, 1960).","journal-title":"Alessandrini; found that chicks fed dimethoate for one week showed toxic effects at 88 but not at 44 p.p.m. in the diet"},{"key":"ref_17","article-title":"have shown also that the difference in toxicity between pure dimethoate and other grades (Table 2) is due to a trace impurity, present in the other grades, which potentiates the toxicity of pure dimethoate. The impurity responsible is thought to be produced by partial hydrolysis according to the equation:-","author":"Casida; Sanderson","year":"1961","unstructured":"Casida and Sanderson (1961, 1963) have shown also that the difference in toxicity between pure dimethoate and other grades (Table 2) is due to a trace impurity, present in the other grades, which potentiates the toxicity of pure dimethoate. The impurity responsible is thought to be produced by partial hydrolysis according to the equation:-"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"found methyl) phosphorothioic acid","author":"Sherman, Ross; Sanchez; Chang","year":"1963","unstructured":"Sherman, Ross, Sanchez, and Chang (1963) found methyl) phosphorothioic acid."},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Under tropical conditions, 6 p.p.m. Inhibition increased proportionately with the time of had a very slight effect on padi fish but not on contact between enzyme and inhibitor up to 30 tilapia (Prose, personal communication). Dimethoate minutes, and almost ceased after one hour, being thus proved far safer to fish than most other comindependent of enzyme concentration. Erythrocyte mercial insecticides","author":"munication","year":"1958","unstructured":"munication). Under tropical conditions, 6 p.p.m. Inhibition increased proportionately with the time of had a very slight effect on padi fish but not on contact between enzyme and inhibitor up to 30 tilapia (Prose, personal communication). Dimethoate minutes, and almost ceased after one hour, being thus proved far safer to fish than most other comindependent of enzyme concentration. Erythrocyte mercial insecticides (Edson, 1958)."},{"key":"ref_20","article-title":"The acute oral LD50 values of was irreversible, as confirmed by","author":"Potentiation","year":"1962","unstructured":"Potentiation.-The acute oral LD50 values of was irreversible, as confirmed by Edson et al. (1962).","journal-title":"Edson et al"},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"potentiated the toxicity of dimethoate: azinphosof 10-4M dimethoate with 100 mg. of rat liver slices methyl, carbophenothion","volume":"1961","author":"carbaryl, D.D.T.; xathion, E.P.N.","unstructured":"potentiated the toxicity of dimethoate: azinphosof 10-4M dimethoate with 100 mg. of rat liver slices methyl, carbophenothion, carbaryl, D.D.T., for one hour at 37\u00b0C. caused a fourfold increase in demeton, demeton-methyl, diazinon, dimefox, dioactivity. With rat liver, the degree of activation xathion, E.P.N., 'Isolan', malathion, mevinphos, increased exponentially both with time and with the parathion, parathion-methyl, prothoate, or schradan. quantity of liver present, much more so with the Other workers (Soc. Montecatini, personal former, indicating that a complex multi-stage communications; American Cyanamid Co., 1958; process was probably involved. No activation was and West et al., 1961) have confirmed most of these observed if oxygen was excluded from the system; negatives, including E.P.N., and have also shown and the product of activation was stable for seven that amiton oxalate, dicapthon, ethion, and phorate days, but not 14, at room temperature in Krebsare without potentiating action.","journal-title":"West et al; for one hour at 37\u00b0C. caused a fourfold increase in demeton, demeton-methyl, diazinon, dimefox, dioactivity. With rat liver, the degree of activation"},{"key":"ref_22","article-title":"When tested intraperitoneally in the mouse","year":"1957","unstructured":"When tested intraperitoneally in the mouse, (Fenwick et al., 1957)."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1962","article-title":"These results are consistent with the assumption unabsorbed material or excretion of 32p in bile. The that activation consists of the oxidation of the P=S latter was demonstrated in the guinea-pig. These group to a P=O group, i.e. with the conversion of results are in good - agreement with those of dimethoate to its thiolate analogue (see Introduction)","author":"et al. Cheng et al.","year":"1959","unstructured":"These results are consistent with the assumption unabsorbed material or excretion of 32p in bile. The that activation consists of the oxidation of the P=S latter was demonstrated in the guinea-pig. These group to a P=O group, i.e. with the conversion of results are in good - agreement with those of dimethoate to its thiolate analogue (see Introduction). Dauterman et al. (1959), Kaplanis et al. (1959) and Mouse and guinea-pig liver slices were about as Chamberlain et al. (1961). Cheng et al. (1961, 1962)","journal-title":"Dauterman et al. (1959), Kaplanis et al; and Mouse and guinea-pig liver slices were about as Chamberlain"},{"key":"ref_24","article-title":"active as rat slices, whose activity did not vary with and Dauterman","year":"1959","unstructured":"active as rat slices, whose activity did not vary with and Dauterman et al. (1959) have shown that little the sex or age of the rat; but pheasant liver slices 32p from 32P-dimethoate is excreted in milk, in were initially somewhat more active and showed which residues become negligible after the first day.","journal-title":"et al; have shown that little the sex or age of the rat; but pheasant liver slices 32p from 32P-dimethoate is excreted in milk, in were initially somewhat more active and showed which residues become negligible after the first day"},{"key":"ref_25","article-title":"In experiments by O'Brien (1959b) and Dahm, soluble had occurred. This degradation was further","unstructured":"In experiments by O'Brien (1959b) and Dahm, soluble had occurred. This degradation was further"},{"key":"ref_26","article-title":"liver microsomal explored by separation of the 32P-labelled materials preparations did not activate dimethoate. Usually formed","author":"Kopecky; Walker","year":"1962","unstructured":"Kopecky, and Walker (1962) liver microsomal explored by separation of the 32P-labelled materials preparations did not activate dimethoate. Usually formed."},{"key":"ref_27","article-title":"dimethoate showed that it was fairly rapidly In rat and human urine, 74 to 98 % of the excreted absorbed from the gut. In vitro hydrolysis was not 32p was in this form. These ionic hydrolysis products increased by the centrifuged stomach content of the are all known to be of low mammalian toxicity and rat but was accelerated by the alkalinity of the without anticholinesterase action","author":"Ahmed, Casida; Nichols","year":"1959","unstructured":"dimethoate showed that it was fairly rapidly In rat and human urine, 74 to 98 % of the excreted absorbed from the gut. In vitro hydrolysis was not 32p was in this form. These ionic hydrolysis products increased by the centrifuged stomach content of the are all known to be of low mammalian toxicity and rat but was accelerated by the alkalinity of the without anticholinesterase action (Dauterman et al., duodenum. In vivo little radioactivity appeared 1959; Ahmed, Casida and Nichols, 1958; Krueger below the duodenum. Absorption was apparently et al., 1960; Soc. Montecatini, personal communicaat least 75 % complete, and probably often more, in tions; Kaplanis et al., 1959; Chamberlain et al., man, mouse, rat, and guinea-pig, possibly varying 1961).","journal-title":"et al; Krueger below the duodenum. Absorption was apparently"},{"key":"ref_28","article-title":"Since the potentiating impurity referred to by Casida and Sanderson","volume-title":"showed similar species variation in effectiveness, it is possible that this might act on the system converting metabolite II to metabolite IV","year":"1961","unstructured":"Since the potentiating impurity referred to by Casida and Sanderson (1961, 1963) showed similar species variation in effectiveness, it is possible that this might act on the system converting metabolite II to metabolite IV."},{"key":"ref_29","article-title":"Work on the plant metabolism of dimethoate, described by Chilwell and Beecham (1960), showed that metabolite II was formed, but its levels fell off with time as rapidly as those of unchanged dimethoate. The remaining metabolites were ionic phosphates. Thus plants produced no toxic metabolites that were not also produced by mammalian metabolism","unstructured":"Work on the plant metabolism of dimethoate, described by Chilwell and Beecham (1960), showed that metabolite II was formed, but its levels fell off with time as rapidly as those of unchanged dimethoate. The remaining metabolites were ionic phosphates. Thus plants produced no toxic metabolites that were not also produced by mammalian metabolism."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"p","article-title":"Comparison of Table 5 with the results of Santi and Pietri-Tonelli","volume-title":"identifies metabolite II as the thiolate analogue of dimethoate: CH30","year":"1959","unstructured":"Comparison of Table 5 with the results of Santi and Pietri-Tonelli (1959b) identifies metabolite II as the thiolate analogue of dimethoate: CH30 p"},{"key":"ref_31","article-title":"Formation of this material has been confirmed by other workers (Dauterman","volume-title":"Soc. Montecatini, personal communications). The other three metabolites in Table 5 have not been identified","author":"true","year":"1963","unstructured":"Formation of this material has been confirmed by other workers (Dauterman et al., 1959; Alessandrini, 1960; Chamberlain et al., 1961; Kaplanis et al., 1959; Roberts, Radeleff, and Kaplanis, 1958; Spencer, 1959; Santi and Pietri-Tonelli, 1959a; Santi and Giacomelli, 1962; Dauterman et al., 1960; Krueger et al., 1960; Bull, Lindquist and Hacskaylo, 1963; Soc. Montecatini, personal communications). The other three metabolites in Table 5 have not been identified."},{"key":"ref_32","article-title":"have shown that repeated atropine injections are effective in the treatment of oral dimethoate poisoning. Repeated injections of cholinesterase-reactivating oximes, such as pralidoxime iodide (P-2-AM), had no beneficial effect; this was consistent with the enzyme inhibition being largely irreversible","author":"Sanderson; Edson","year":"1959","unstructured":"Sanderson and Edson (1959) have shown that repeated atropine injections are effective in the treatment of oral dimethoate poisoning. Repeated injections of cholinesterase-reactivating oximes, such as pralidoxime iodide (P-2-AM), had no beneficial effect; this was consistent with the enzyme inhibition being largely irreversible."},{"key":"ref_33","article-title":"found that SKF 525A (2-diethylaminoethyl 2: 2-diphenylvalerate hydrochloride) protected mice against intraperitoneal dimethoate but was of little benefit in rats or house-flies. (SKF 525A inhibits the oxidation of many organophosphate insecticides to their active metabolites by liver in vivo.)","author":"O.'Brien","year":"1961","unstructured":"O'Brien (1961) found that SKF 525A (2-diethylaminoethyl 2:2-diphenylvalerate hydrochloride) protected mice against intraperitoneal dimethoate but was of little benefit in rats or house-flies. (SKF 525A inhibits the oxidation of many organophosphate insecticides to their active metabolites by liver in vivo.)"},{"key":"ref_34","article-title":"The safety of human consumers of food crops sprayed with dimethoate is materially aided by its comparatively low dietary toxicity and its fairly rapid disappearance from treated vegetation. In the rat, an intake rate of 0-5 mg.\/kg.\/day can be tolerated without cholinesterase depression, while an intake rate of 20 mg.\/kg.\/day is needed to cause clinical signs of toxicity. An intake rate for humans of 0-05 mg.\/kg.\/day should therefore be completely safe. This is equivalent to a 40 kg. child consuming 2 mg. dimethoate daily, i.e. 1 kg. food containing 2 p.p.m. dimethoate residues","year":"1960","unstructured":"The safety of human consumers of food crops sprayed with dimethoate is materially aided by its comparatively low dietary toxicity and its fairly rapid disappearance from treated vegetation. In the rat, an intake rate of 0-5 mg.\/kg.\/day can be tolerated without cholinesterase depression, while an intake rate of 20 mg.\/kg.\/day is needed to cause clinical signs of toxicity. An intake rate for humans of 0-05 mg.\/kg.\/day should therefore be completely safe. This is equivalent to a 40 kg. child consuming 2 mg. dimethoate daily, i.e. 1 kg. food containing 2 p.p.m. dimethoate residues. Chilwell and Beecham (1960) have shown that the edible portion of a very wide range of crops always contained less than","journal-title":"Chilwell and Beecham; have shown that the edible portion of a very wide range of crops always contained less than"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1113","volume":"37","author":"O'Brien, R.D.","year":"1959","unstructured":"O'Brien, R. D. (1959a). Canad. J. Biochem., 37, 1113.","journal-title":"Canad. J. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/183121a0","volume":"183","author":"O'Brien, R.D.","year":"1959","unstructured":"O'Brien, R. D. (1959b). Nature (Lond.), 183, 121.","journal-title":"Nature (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"223","article-title":"Toxic Phosphorus Esters","volume":"79","author":"O'Brien, R.D.","year":"1960","unstructured":"O'Brien, R. D. (1960). Toxic Phosphorus Esters, p. 223. Academic Press, New York. (1961). Biochem J., 79, 229.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/51.5.714","volume":"51","author":"Thorn, G.D.; Fisher, R.W.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Thorn, G. D., and Fisher, R. W. (1958). J. econ. Ent., 51, 714.","journal-title":"J. econ. Ent"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"861","volume":"51","author":"Roberts, R.H.; Radeleff, R.D.; Kaplanis, J.N.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Roberts, R. H., Radeleff, R. D., and Kaplanis, J. N. (1958). Ibid., 51, 861.","journal-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1957.tb12314.x","volume":"9","author":"Sanderson, D.M.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Sanderson, D. M. (1957). J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 9, 600.","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"721","volume":"11","author":"Sanderson, D.M.; Edson, E.F.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Sanderson, D. M., and Edson, E. F. (1959). Ibid., 11, 721.","journal-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60121a025","volume":"10","author":"Santi, R.; Giacomelli, R.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Santi, R., and Giacomelli, R. (1962). J. ag. Food Chem., 10, 257.","journal-title":"J. ag. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"398","volume":"183","author":"Pietri-Tonelli, P.de","year":"1959","unstructured":"and Pietri-Tonelli, P. de (1959a). Nature (Lond.), 183, 398.","journal-title":"Nature (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"3","article-title":"Contributi (Ist Ric","volume":"3","author":"Pietri-Tonelli, P.de","year":"1959","unstructured":"and Pietri-Tonelli, P. de (1959b). Contributi (Ist Ric. Ag., Soc. Montecatini, Milano), 3, 3.","journal-title":"Ag., Soc. Montecatini, Milano)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(60)90016-8","volume":"2","author":"Seume, F.W.; O'Brien, R.D.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Seume, F. W., and O'Brien, R. D. (1960). Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 2, 495.","journal-title":"Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"521","volume":"3","author":"Sherman, M.; Ross, E.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Sherman, M., and Ross, E. (1961). Ibid., 3, 521.","journal-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1145","volume":"156","author":"Sanchez, F.F.; Chang, M.T.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Sanchez, F. F., and Chang, M. T. Y (1963) J. econ. Ent., 156,;0. Spencer, E. Y. (1959). Cariad. J. Biochem., 37, 1145.","journal-title":"Y"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60072a004","volume":"5","author":"O'Brien, R.D.; White, R.W.","year":"1957","unstructured":", O'Brien, R. D., and White, R. W. (1957). J. ag. Food Chem., 5, 123.","journal-title":"J. ag. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_49","author":"Stones, L.C.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Stones, L. C. (1961). Chem & Ind., 1643.","journal-title":"Chem & Ind"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2307\/3001557","volume":"8","author":"Weil, C.S.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Weil, C. S. (1952). Biometrics, 8, 249.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(61)80007-0","volume":"3","author":"West, B.; Vidone, L.B.; Shaffer, C.B.","year":"1961","unstructured":"West, B., Vidone, L. B., and Shaffer, C. B. (1961). Toxicol. appl. Plharmacol., 3, 210.","journal-title":"Toxicol. appl. Plharmacol"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60092a001","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed, M.K.; Casida, J.E.; E, Nichols#R.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. K., Casida, J. E., and Nichols#R. E. (1958). 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