{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T13:23:09Z","timestamp":1649164989355},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1972,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/oem.29.1.99","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T23:57:28Z","timestamp":1229471848000},"page":"99-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A comparative study of the excretion of Fujiwara reaction-positive substances in urine of humans and rodents given trichloro- or tetrachloro-derivatives of ethane and ethylene"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Ohtsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","author":"Torkelson","year":"1958","unstructured":"Torkelson et al. (1958) Takeuchi (1966) Irish (1963) Takeuchi (1966) Takeuchi (1966)"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Metabolism of the chlorinated ethylenes is entirely different from that of ethane derivatives in that the first oxidation occurs at the double bond between two carbon atoms with the formation of an epoxide (Byington and Leibman, 1965; Yllner, 1961), which further rearranges to aldehyde or acid chloride: Cl2C=CHCl -'CI2C CHC -CCI3CHO","unstructured":"Metabolism of the chlorinated ethylenes is entirely different from that of ethane derivatives in that the first oxidation occurs at the double bond between two carbon atoms with the formation of an epoxide (Byington and Leibman, 1965; Yllner, 1961), which further rearranges to aldehyde or acid chloride: Cl2C=CHCl -'CI2C CHC -CCI3CHO"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"CC13-C02H properties may explain why the quantities of urinary metabolites were greater from trichloroethylene than from tetrachloroethylene (Tables 2 and 4). As to tetrachloroethylene metabolism, Yllner","volume-title":"did not detect TCE in the urine of mice exposed to 14C-tetrachloroethylene, while we observed that the optical density after the Fujiwara reaction increased when the urine of rats, mice or human subjects exposed to tetrachloroethylene vapour was treated with the oxidant prior to the colour-developing reaction (Tables 2 and 3). The reason has not yet been extensively studied. The discrepancy could, however, be attributed to differences in the duration and intensity of exposure, because after intraperitoneal injection very little TCE","year":"1961","unstructured":"CC13-C02H properties may explain why the quantities of urinary metabolites were greater from trichloroethylene than from tetrachloroethylene (Tables 2 and 4). As to tetrachloroethylene metabolism, Yllner (1961) did not detect TCE in the urine of mice exposed to 14C-tetrachloroethylene, while we observed that the optical density after the Fujiwara reaction increased when the urine of rats, mice or human subjects exposed to tetrachloroethylene vapour was treated with the oxidant prior to the colour-developing reaction (Tables 2 and 3). The reason has not yet been extensively studied. The discrepancy could, however, be attributed to differences in the duration and intensity of exposure, because after intraperitoneal injection very little TCE appear,d in the urine (Table 4)."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"demonstrated clearly that trichloroethylene is more readily oxidized than tetrachloroethylene. For example, when brought into contact with heated iron, 3, 5, 19, and 14 mg of phosgene were formed per gramme of trichloroethylene","author":"Sjoberg","year":"1952","unstructured":"Sjoberg (1952) demonstrated clearly that trichloroethylene is more readily oxidized than tetrachloroethylene. For example, when brought into contact with heated iron, 3, 5, 19, and 14 mg of phosgene were formed per gramme of trichloroethylene at"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"189","article-title":"Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents","author":"Browning, E.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Browning, E. (1965a). Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents, pp. 189-212."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"258","article-title":"Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents","author":"Elsevier, Amsterdam; London","year":"1965","unstructured":"Elsevier, Amsterdam and London. (1965b). Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents, pp. 258-260."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"247","article-title":"Metabolism of trichloroethylene in liver microsomes. II. Identification of the reaction product as chloral hydrate","volume":"1","author":"Byington, K.H.; Leibman, K.C.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Byington, K. H., and Leibman, K. C. (1965). Metabolism of trichloroethylene in liver microsomes. II. Identification of the reaction product as chloral hydrate. Molec. Pharmacol., 1, 247-254.","journal-title":"Molec. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(58)90009-1","article-title":"The enzymic oxidation of chloral hydrate to trichloroacetic acid","volume":"1","author":"Cooper, J.R.; Friedman, P.J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Cooper, J. R., and Friedman, P. J. (1958). The enzymic oxidation of chloral hydrate to trichloroacetic acid. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1, 76-82.","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"327","article-title":"Spot Tests in Organic Analysis","author":"Feigl, F.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Feigl, F. (1960). Spot Tests in Organic Analysis, 6th English ed., p. 327.","edition":"6th English ed"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01360a614","article-title":"Preparation and properties of tetrachloroethylene oxide","volume":"22","author":"Frankel, D.M.; Johnson, C.E.; Pitt, H.M.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Frankel, D. M., Johnson, C. E., and Pitt, H. M. (1957). Preparation and properties of tetrachloroethylene oxide. J. org. Chem., 22, 1119-1120.","journal-title":"J. org. Chem"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"373","article-title":"The role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the metabolism of chloral hydrate","volume":"129","author":"Friedman, P.J.; Cooper, J.R.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Friedman, P. J., and Cooper, J. R. (1960). The role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the metabolism of chloral hydrate. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 129, 373-376.","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons","volume-title":"Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology","volume":"2","author":"Irish, D.D.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Irish, D. D. (1963). Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons. In Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, edited by F. A. Patty p. 1291.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"506572","article-title":"The rapid measurement of toxic gases and vapour","volume":"35","author":"Kitagawa, T.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kitagawa, T. (1960). The rapid measurement of toxic gases and vapour. Proc. 13th int. Congr. occup. Hlth, pp. 506572. New York. McGovern, E. W. (1943). Chlorohydrocarbon solvents. Industr. Eng. Chem., 35, 1230-1239.","journal-title":"Proc. 13th; Congr. occup. Hlth; Chlorohydrocarbon solvents"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60051a004","article-title":"Vegetable oil extraction. Autoxidation products of trichloroethylene","volume":"3","author":"McKinney, L.L.; Uhing, E.H.; White, J.L.; Picken, Jr, J.C.","year":"1955","unstructured":"McKinney, L. L., Uhing, E. H., White, J. L.. and Picken, J. C., Jr. (1955). Vegetable oil extraction. Autoxidation products of trichloroethylene. J. agric. Food Chem., 3, 413-419.","journal-title":"J. agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"63","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons","volume":"64","author":"Sjoberg, B.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Sjoberg, B. (1952). Thermal decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Svensk. kem.-T., 64, 63-79.","journal-title":"Svensk. kem.-T"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"71","article-title":"Toxicology of 1,1,1-trichloroethane","volume":"11","author":"Stewart, R.D.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Stewart, R. D. (1968). Toxicology of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Ann. occup. Hyg., 11, 71-79.","journal-title":"Ann. occup. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"224","article-title":"Experimental human exposure to tetrachloroethylene","volume":"20","author":"Stewart, R.D.; Baretta, E.D.; Dodd, H.C.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Stewart, R. D., Baretta, E. D., and Dodd, H. C. (1970a). Experimental human exposure to tetrachloroethylene. Arch. environm. Hlth, 20, 224-229.","journal-title":"Arch. environm. Hlth"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1970.10665543","article-title":"Experimental human exposure to trichloroethylene","volume":"20","author":"Stewart, R.D.; Baretta, E.D.; Dodd, H.C.; Dodd, H.C.; Gay, H.H.; Erley, D.S.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Stewart, R. D., Baretta, E. D., and Dodd, H. C., Dodd, H. C., Gay, H. H., and Erley, D. S. (1970b). Experimental human exposure to trichloroethylene. Arch. environm. Hlth, 20, 64-71.","journal-title":"Arch. environm. Hlth"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1969.10666870","article-title":"Experimental human exposure to methyl chloroform vapor","volume":"19","author":"Stewart, R.D.; Baretta, E.D.; Dodd, H.C.; Dodd, H.C.; Gay, H.H.; Erley, D.S.; Gay, H.H.; Schaffer, A.W.; Erley, D.S.; Rowe, V.K.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Stewart, R. D., Baretta, E. D., and Dodd, H. C., Dodd, H. C., Gay, H. H., and Erley, D. S., Gay, H. 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