{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:20:33Z","timestamp":1774974033621,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/oem.45.9.606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,17]],"date-time":"2008-12-17T00:07:03Z","timestamp":1229472423000},"page":"606-612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"P W","family":"Brandt-Rauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L F","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Tarantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Idema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"New York, firehouses were selected for study initially. Fire department statistics were reviewed in 1984 and in that year the department responded to over 11 000 calls to fires. The selected firehouses were representative of the department in terms of types offire, number ofcasualties, and timing of fires. In addition, they were the two most active firehouses handling approximately 25% of the city's total calls in 1984. The greatest number of fire incidents occurred in January. Thus a ten day period in January, 1986, was selected during which to conduct the initial study","author":"Buffalo, Two","unstructured":"Two Buffalo, New York, firehouses were selected for study initially. Fire department statistics were reviewed in 1984 and in that year the department responded to over 11 000 calls to fires. The selected firehouses were representative of the department in terms of types offire, number ofcasualties, and timing of fires. In addition, they were the two most active firehouses handling approximately 25% of the city's total calls in 1984. The greatest number of fire incidents occurred in January. Thus a ten day period in January, 1986, was selected during which to conduct the initial study."},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Environmental monitoring was","volume-title":"During this period, 106 calls were Table 2 Summary offire characteristics","year":"1986","unstructured":"Environmental monitoring was conducted from 8 to 17 January 1986. During this period, 106 calls were Table 2 Summary offire characteristics"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Fire and smoke: understanding the hazards","author":"on Fire Toxicology, Committee","year":"1986","unstructured":"Committee on Fire Toxicology. Fire and smoke: understanding the hazards. Washington: National Academy Press, 1986."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"227","article-title":"Mortality in city firemen, II: a study ofmortality in firemen of a city fire department","volume":"20","author":"Mastromatteo, E.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Mastromatteo E. Mortality in city firemen, II: a study ofmortality in firemen of a city fire department. AMA Arch Ind Health 1959;20:227-33.","journal-title":"AMA Arch Ind Health"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"693","article-title":"Near-maximal ECG stress testing and coronary artery disease risk factor analysis in Los Angeles city firefighters","volume":"17","author":"Barnard, R.J.; Gardner, G.W.; Diaco, N.V.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Barnard RJ, Gardner GW, Diaco NV, et al. Near-maximal ECG stress testing and coronary artery disease risk factor analysis in Los Angeles city firefighters. J Occup Med 1975;17:693-5.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"132","article-title":"Coronary artery disease deaths in the Toronto fire department","volume":"29","author":"Bates, I.T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bates IT. Coronary artery disease deaths in the Toronto fire department. J Occup Med 1987;29:132-5.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.35.11.838","article-title":"Smoke inhalation in firemen","volume":"35","author":"Unger, K.M.; Snow, R.M.; Mestas, J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Unger KM, Snow RM, Mestas J, et al. Smoke inhalation in firemen. Thorax 1980;35:838-42.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"8","article-title":"Pulmonary function and the firefighters","volume":"4","author":"Peabody, H.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Peabody H. Pulmonary function and the firefighters. Journal of Combustion Toxicology 1977;4:8-15.","journal-title":"Journal of Combustion Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197412192912502","article-title":"Chronic effect offirefighting on pulmonary function","volume":"291","author":"Peters, J.; Theriault, G.; Fine, L.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Peters J, Theriault G, Fine L, et al. Chronic effect offirefighting on pulmonary function. N Engl J Med 1974;291:1320-2.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"31922","article-title":"The effect of occupational exposure on pulmonary function: a longitudinal evaluation of firefighters and non-fighters","volume":"125","author":"Sparrow, D.; Bosse, R.; Rosner, B.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sparrow D, Bosse R, Rosner B, et al. The effect of occupational exposure on pulmonary function: a longitudinal evaluation of firefighters and non-fighters. 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Cincinnati; NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard","author":"Milham, Jr, S.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Milham S, Jr. Occupational mortality in Washington State 195S071. Vol III. Cincinnati; NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, 1976. (NIOSH 76-175 C.)","journal-title":"Evaluations, and Field Studies"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"283","article-title":"Differential mortality from lung cancer by occupation","volume":"5","author":"Enterline, P.; McKiever, M.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Enterline P, McKiever M. Differential mortality from lung cancer by occupation. J Occup Med 1963;5:283-90.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Occupational mortality in the State of California 1959-1961","author":"Petersen, G.R.; Milham, Jr, S.","year":"8010","unstructured":"Petersen GR, Milham S, Jr. Occupational mortality in the State of California 1959-1961. Cincinnati: NIOSH, 1980. (NIOSH 80104.)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700090603","article-title":"Mortality in police and firefighters in New Jersey","volume":"9","author":"Feuer, E.; Rosenman, K.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Feuer E, Rosenman K. Mortality in police and firefighters in New Jersey. Am JInd Med 1986;9:517-27.","journal-title":"Am JInd Med"},{"key":"ref_17","article-title":"Cancer mortality among Los Angeles Cityfirefighters. report to the Los Angelesfire department","author":"Lewis, S.S.; Bierman, H.R.; Faith, M.R.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lewis SS, Bierman HR, Faith MR. Cancer mortality among Los Angeles Cityfirefighters. report to the Los Angelesfire department. Beverly Hills: Institute for Cancer and Blood Research, 1983."},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Occupational mortality amongprofessionalfirefighters","author":"Abrams, J.L.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Abrams JL. Occupational mortality amongprofessionalfirefighters. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma, 1974. (Doctoral dissertation.)"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Toxic gases from fires","volume-title":"Science","author":"Terrill, J.B.; Montgomery, R.R.; Reinhardt, C.F.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Terrill JB, Montgomery RR, Reinhardt CF. Toxic gases from fires. Science 1978;200:1343-7."},{"issue":"13","key":"ref_20","first-page":"377","article-title":"The toxicity offire. Chemical Center","volume":"1969","author":"Zapp, Jr, J.A.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Zapp JA, Jr. The toxicity offire. Chemical Center, Md: Chemical Corps, Medical Division, 1951. (Special rep No 4.) 20 Boettner EA, Ball G, Weiss B. Analysis of the volatile combustion products of vinyl plastics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1969;13:377-95.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science; Special rep No 4.) 20 Boettner EA, Ball G, Weiss B. Analysis of the volatile combustion products of vinyl plastics"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"179","article-title":"Combustion toxicology","volume":"2","author":"Montgomery, R.R.; Reinhardt, C.F.; Terrill, J.B.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Montgomery RR, Reinhardt CF, Terrill JB. Combustion toxicology. Journal of Fire Flammability Combustion Toxicology 1975;2:179-85.","journal-title":"Journal of Fire Flammability Combustion Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668391404743","article-title":"Toxic products from fires","volume":"44","author":"Hartzell, G.E.; Packham, S.C.; Switzer, W.G.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hartzell GE, Packham SC, Switzer WG. Toxic products from fires. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1983;44:248-55.","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889778507805","article-title":"Exposure of firefighters to toxic air contaminants","volume":"39","author":"Gold, A.; Burgess, W.A.; Clougherty, E.V.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gold A, Burgess WA, Clougherty EV. Exposure of firefighters to toxic air contaminants. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1978;39:534-9.","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668091425662","article-title":"Air contaminants encountered by firefighters","volume":"41","author":"Treitman, R.D.; Burgess, W.A.; Gold, A.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Treitman RD, Burgess WA, Gold A. Air contaminants encountered by firefighters. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980;41:796-802.","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"73","article-title":"Free radical production from controlled low-energy fires: toxicity considerations","volume":"30","author":"Lowry, W.T.; Peterson, J.; Petty, C.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lowry WT, Peterson J, Petty CS, et al. Free radical production from controlled low-energy fires: toxicity considerations. J Forensic Sci 1985;30:73-85.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"59","article-title":"Studies of toxic gas production during actual structural fires in the Dallas area","volume":"30","author":"Lowry, W.T.; Juarez, L.; Petty, C.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lowry WT, Juarez L, Petty CS, et al. Studies of toxic gas production during actual structural fires in the Dallas area. J Forensic Sci 1985;30:59-72.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668391405427","article-title":"A qualitative sampling device for use at hazardous waste sites","volume":"44","author":"King, M.V.; Eller, P.M.; Costello, R.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"King MV, Eller PM, Costello RJ. A qualitative sampling device for use at hazardous waste sites. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1983;44:615-8.","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"ref_28","article-title":"Regulatory chemicals of health and environmental concern","author":"Lederer, W.H.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lederer WH, Regulatory chemicals of health and environmental concern. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1985."},{"key":"ref_29","article-title":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 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