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For analyses by number of years of union membership and cumulative level of exposure, person-years were allocated to exposure strata so that an individual's total person-years were not placed in the final membership category. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were obtained by dividing the number of observed deaths by the expected number. Statistical significance of SMRs was based on 95% confidence intervals constructed according to Liddell.\"7 A chisquared test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of SMR trends.\"8 Standardised rate ratios (SRR) were calculated to compare death rates ofheavily exposed dry cleaners to those less intensely exposed, while simultaneously adjusting for differences for race, sex, age, and calendar time by the direct method using the person-year distribution of the entire cohort as the referent population","unstructured":"January 1948 was selected as the earliest date of entry into the follow up because union records were incomplete before that date. For analyses by number of years of union membership and cumulative level of exposure, person-years were allocated to exposure strata so that an individual's total person-years were not placed in the final membership category. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were obtained by dividing the number of observed deaths by the expected number. Statistical significance of SMRs was based on 95% confidence intervals constructed according to Liddell.\"7 A chisquared test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of SMR trends.\"8 Standardised rate ratios (SRR) were calculated to compare death rates ofheavily exposed dry cleaners to those less intensely exposed, while simultaneously adjusting for differences for race, sex, age, and calendar time by the direct method using the person-year distribution of the entire cohort as the referent population."},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Occupational Safety and Health","volume":"20","author":"National Institute for","year":"1978","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Tetrachloroethylene. (Current intelligence bulletin 20.) Cincinnati: NIOSH, 1978. (DHEW (NIOSH) publ no 78-112.)","journal-title":"Tetrachloroethylene. (Current intelligence bulletin"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs on the evaluation ofcarcinogenic risks to humans. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs. Vols 1-42","year":"1987","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs on the evaluation ofcarcinogenic risks to humans. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs. Vols 1-42. Lyon: IARC, 1987."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"US Bureau of the Census. County business patterns. Washington; US Government Printing Office","year":"1975","unstructured":"US Bureau of the Census. County business patterns. Washington; US Government Printing Office, 1975. (US summary CBP75-1.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.69.5.508","article-title":"Causes of death among laundry and dry cleaning workers","volume":"69","author":"Blair, A.; Decoufle, P.; Grauman, D.J.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Blair A, Decoufle P, Grauman DJ. Causes of death among laundry and dry cleaning workers. Am J Public Health 1979;69:508-1 1.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"818","article-title":"The mortality experience of army world war II chemical processing companies","volume":"23","author":"Norman, J.E.; Robinette, C.D.; Fraumeni, Jr, J.F.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Norman JE, Robinette CD, Fraumeni JF, Jr. The mortality experience of army world war II chemical processing companies. J Occup Med 1981;23:818-22.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.11.1278","article-title":"Mortality among laundry and dry cleaning workers in Oklahoma","volume":"74","author":"Duh, R.; Asal, N.R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Duh R, Asal NR. Mortality among laundry and dry cleaning workers in Oklahoma. Am J Public Health 1984;74:1278-80.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.71.3.305","article-title":"Female laundry and dry cleaning workers in Wisconsin: a mortality analysis","volume":"71","author":"Katz, R.M.; Jowett, D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Katz RM, Jowett D. Female laundry and dry cleaning workers in Wisconsin: a mortality analysis. 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JAMA 1981;245:147-52.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113562","article-title":"Occupational risk factors and liver cancer","volume":"117","author":"Stemhagen, A.; Slade, J.; Altman, R.; Bill, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stemhagen A, Slade J, Altman R, Bill J. Occupational risk factors and liver cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117:443-54.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378517","article-title":"Primary liver cancer and exposure to solvents","volume":"54","author":"Hernberg, S.; Korkala, M.; Asikaine, U.; Riala, R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hernberg S, Korkala M, Asikaine U, Riala R. Primary liver cancer and exposure to solvents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1984;54:147-53.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668591394798","article-title":"Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry","volume":"46","author":"Materna, B.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Materna BL. Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1985;46:268-73.","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"76","article-title":"Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a recommended standard... occupational exposure to tetrachoroethylene (perchloroethylene)","author":"National Institute for","year":"1976","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a recommended standard... occupational exposure to tetrachoroethylene (perchloroethylene). Cincinnati: NIOSH 1976. (HEW publ No (NIOSH) 76-185.)"},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Engineering control technology assessment of the dry cleaning industry","author":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","year":"1980","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Engineering control technology assessment of the dry cleaning industry. Cincinnati: NIOSH, 1980. (DHHS (NIOSH) oubl No 80-136.)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668391405391","article-title":"Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry cleaning industry","volume":"44","author":"Ludwig, H.R.; Meister, M.V.; Roberts, D.R.; Cox, C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ludwig HR, Meister MV, Roberts DR, Cox C. Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry cleaning industry. American Industrial Association Journal 1983;44:600-5.","journal-title":"American Industrial Association Journal"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"85","article-title":"Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry","volume":"38","author":"Ludwig, H.R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ludwig HR. Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1981. (Internal report, DHSS.) 17 Liddell FDK. Simple exact analysis of the standardised mortality catio. J Epidemiol Community Health 1984;38:85-8.","journal-title":"Internal report, DHSS.) 17 Liddell FDK. Simple exact analysis of the standardised mortality catio; J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1983.10477915","article-title":"Multiplicative models and cohort analysis","volume":"78","author":"Breslow, N.E.; Lubin, J.H.; Marek, P.; Langholz, B.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Lubin JH, Marek P, Langholz B. Multiplicative models and cohort analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1983;78:1-12.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) (CAS No 127-18-4) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F, mice (inhalation studies) (Tech Rep Ser No 31 1; NIH No 86-2567)","author":"Program, National Toxicology","year":"1986","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. 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Nonwhite men"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"881","article-title":"Uterine cancer","author":"Cramer, D.W.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cramer DW. Uterine cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer epidemiology and Prevention. WB Saunders, 1982:881-900.","journal-title":"WB Saunders; epidemiology and Prevention"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"596","article-title":"Esophagus","author":"Day, N.E.; Munoz, N.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Day NE, Munoz N. Esophagus. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. WB Saunders, 1982:596-623.","journal-title":"WB Saunders; epidemiology and prevention"},{"key":"ref_23","article-title":"Mortality patterns among US veterans by occupation and smoking status. Vol 1","author":"Walrath, J.; Rogot, E.; Murray, J.; Blair, A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Walrath J, Rogot E, Murray J, Blair A. Mortality patterns among US veterans by occupation and smoking status. Vol 1. 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