{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:16:23Z","timestamp":1777511783304,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data on individual exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in herbicide production plants are limited. Hence, the urinary excretion of this herbicide was measured during a five year (1985-1989) biological monitoring study of 27 men and 18 women employees exposed during the production and formulation of 2,4-D and related sodium and dimethylamine salts. In separate studies, specimens of urine were collected in the morning, or during the last three hours of a working shift, or over a 24 hour period (1200 to 1200 or 0800 to 0800) and were analysed by an immunochemical method (2,4-D radioimmunoassay (RIA)). Urinary 2,4-D concentrations varied within a large scale from only a few micrograms\/l to several 10s of mg\/l. During a week, herbicide excretion increased, culminating on Friday. At the weekend, when no work was done, 2,4-D elimination decreased but did not return to zero in any case. After an interruption of exposure for about three weeks, urinary 2,4-D was no longer detectable. About five days after restarting work, body concentrations had built up again. Measurements of 2,4-D concentrations in air at different work-places showed that herbicide concentrations did not exceed 0.5 mg\/m3. As well as inhalation, dermal 2,4-D absorption seemed to play an important part in total uptake of herbicide. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found (r = 0.9628) between 2,4-D urinary concentration, adjusted for endogenous creatinine, and the estimated amount of absorbed herbicide. Estimated absorbed doses were, in most cases, well below 0.1 mg 2,4-D\/kg body wt\/day. Sometimes this concentration was greatly exceeded. Thyroid hormone concentrations in blood were measured as well. No notable abnormalities were found. Exposed subjects were also typed for histocompatibility locus antigens (ABC antigens). The immunochemical determination of 2,4-D in specimens of urine proved to be a simple, cost effective, and non-invasive method to measure human exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.3.152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,17]],"date-time":"2008-12-17T00:14:48Z","timestamp":1229472888000},"page":"152-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessment of exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the chemical industry: results of a five year biological monitoring study."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Knopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01055528","article-title":"Forestry workers involved in aerial application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid","volume":"14","author":"Frank, R.; Campbell, R.A.; Sirons, G.J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Frank R, Campbell RA, Sirons GJ. Forestry workers involved in aerial application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D): exposure and urinary excretion. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1985;14:427-35.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol; exposure and urinary excretion"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"667","article-title":"Factors affecting the exposure of ground-rig applicators to 2,4-D dimethylamine salt","volume":"15","author":"Grover, R.; Cessna, A.J.; Muir, N.I.; Riedel, D.; Franklin, C.A.; Yoshida, K.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Grover R, Cessna AJ, Muir NI, Riedel D, Franklin CA, Yoshida K. Factors affecting the exposure of ground-rig applicators to 2,4-D dimethylamine salt. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1986;15:667-86.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"9","article-title":"Human exposure to 2,4-D following controlled activities on recently sprayed turf","volume":"27","author":"Harris, S.A.; SolomonKR","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harris SA, SolomonKR. Human exposure to 2,4-D following controlled activities on recently sprayed turf. JEnviron SciHealth[BJ 1992;27:9-22.","journal-title":"JEnviron SciHealth[BJ"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"23","article-title":"Exposure of homeowners acetic acidJ. T and bystanders to 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- Environ","volume":"27","author":"Harris, S.A.; Solomon, K.R.; Stephenson, G.R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harris SA, Solomon KR, Stephenson GR. Exposure of homeowners acetic acidJ.T and bystanders to 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- Environ Sci Health[B] 1992;27:23-8.","journal-title":"Sci Health[B]"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"257","article-title":"Studies on phenoxy acid herbicides. I. Field study: occupational exposure to phenoxy acid herbicides (MCPA, Dichlorprop, Mecoprop and 2,4-D) in agriculture","volume":"54","author":"Kolmodin-Hedman, B.; HoglundS, Akerblom; M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kolmodin-Hedman B, HoglundS, Akerblom M. Studies on phenoxy acid herbicides. I. 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Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1982;29:586-91.","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01625578","article-title":"A gas chromatographic method for determination of 2,4-D residues in urine after occupational exposure","volume":"33","author":"Vural, N.; Burgaz, S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Vural N, Burgaz S. A gas chromatographic method for determination of 2,4-D residues in urine after occupational exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1984;33: 518-24.","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00381583","article-title":"Biological monitoring of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-exposed workers in agriculture and forestry","volume":"63","author":"Knopp, D.; Glass, S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Knopp D, Glass S. Biological monitoring of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-exposed workers in agriculture and forestry. 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JAppl Toxicol 1989;9:255-8.","journal-title":"JAppl Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668491399370","article-title":"Occupational exposure of herbicide applicators to herbicides used along electric power transmission line right-of-way","volume":"45","author":"Libich, S.; To, J.C.; Frank, R.; Sirons, G.J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Libich S, To JC, Frank R, Sirons GJ. Occupational exposure of herbicide applicators to herbicides used along electric power transmission line right-of-way. Am Ind HygAssocJ 1984;45:56-62.","journal-title":"Am Ind HygAssocJ"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"98","article-title":"Cause specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation, or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts","volume":"45","author":"Bond, G.G.; Wetterstroem, N.H.; Roush, G.J.; McLaren, E.; Lipps, T.E.; Cook, R.R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bond GG, Wetterstroem NH, Roush GJ, McLaren E, Lipps TE, Cook RR. Cause specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation, or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts. BrJ Ind Med 1988;45:98-105.","journal-title":"BrJ Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399009531387","article-title":"Dermal absorption of the phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D, 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D isooctyl, and 2,4,5-T in rabbits, rats, rhesus monkeys, and humans: a cross-species comparison","volume":"29","author":"Moody, R.P.; Franklin, C.A.; Ritter, L.; Maibach, H.I.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moody RP, Franklin CA, Ritter L, Maibach HI. Dermal absorption of the phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D, 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D isooctyl, and 2,4,5-T in rabbits, rats, rhesus monkeys, and humans: a cross-species comparison. 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A meta-analysis of exposure to phenoxy acid herbicides and chlorophenols in relation to risk of soft tissue sarcoma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1990;62:513-20.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880801)62:3<652::AID-CNCR2820620334>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"The association between soft tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids","volume":"62","author":"Hardell, L.; Eriksson, M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hardell L, Eriksson M. The association between soft tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids. Cancer 1988;62:652-6.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/83.17.1226","article-title":"Case-control study of canine malignant lymphoma: positive association with dog owner's useof 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides","volume":"83","author":"Hayes, H.M.; Tarone, R.E.; Cantor, K.P.; Jessen, C.K.; McCurnin, D.M.; Richard, R.C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP, Jessen CK, McCurnin DM, Richard RC. Case-control study of canine malignant lymphoma: positive association with dog owner's useof 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides. 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Association between soft tissue sacromas, malignant lymphomas, and phenoxy herbicides\/ chlorophenols: evidence from occupational cohort studies. Fund Appl Toxicol 1990;14:219-34.","journal-title":"Fund Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036044","article-title":"2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and 2,3,7,8TCDD: An overview","volume":"11","author":"Lilienfeld, D.E.; Gallo, M.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lilienfeld DE, Gallo MA. 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and 2,3,7,8TCDD: An overview. Epidemiol Rev 1989;11:28-58.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"896","article-title":"Epidemiology and Toxicology of 2,4-D","volume":"5","author":"Mullison, W.R.; Bond, G.G.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mullison WR, Bond GG. Epidemiology and Toxicology of 2,4-D. 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Cancer mortality among workers in chemical plant contaminated with dioxin. Lancet 1991; 338:959-64.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718900800301","article-title":"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans: the risk to human health. A review","volume":"8","author":"Skene, S.A.; Durhurst, I.C.; Greenberg, M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Skene SA, Durhurst IC, Greenberg M. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans: the risk to human health. A review. Hum Toxicol 1989;8: 173-203.","journal-title":"Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"701","article-title":"Potential health risk via inhalation\/ingestion exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans","volume":"49","author":"Muto, H.; Takizawa, Y.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Muto H, Takizawa Y. Potential health risk via inhalation\/ingestion exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1992;49:701-7.","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.51.3.152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T13:38:08Z","timestamp":1716471488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.51.3.152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.51.3.152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.51.3.152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]}}}