{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:32:08Z","timestamp":1777109528093,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES--To examine the mortality pattern and the cancer incidence in a cohort of long term smelter workers exposed to lead. METHODS--The cohort consists of 664 male lead battery workers, employed for at least three months in 1942-87. From 1969 the values of all blood lead samples repeatedly obtained from these workers every two to three months, have been collected in a database. The expected mortality and morbidity 1969-89 was estimated from the county rates, specified for cause, sex, five-year age groups, and calendar year. Individual exposure matrices have been calculated and used for dose-response analyses. RESULTS--The total cohort showed an increased overall mortality (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 1.44; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.16-1.79), an increased mortality from ischaemic heart diseases (SMR 1.72; 95% CI 1.20-2.42) and all malignant neoplasms (SMR 1.65; 95% CI 1.09-2.44). These risk estimates were unaffected or slightly decreased when applying a latency period of 15 years, and no dose-response pattern was shown. The non-significantly raised cancer incidence in the gastrointestinal tract (11 malignancies) in the total cohort, increased to a barely significant level in the quartile with the highest cumulative lead exposure (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 2.34, 95% CI 1.07-4.45). No clear dose response pattern was evident when further subdividing the data into those first employed up to 1969 v those first employed after 1969 when the blood lead monitoring programme started. The risk estimate for malignancies in the gastrointestinal tract was not related to latency time. The cancer incidence was not increased at other sites. CONCLUSIONS--A slightly increased incidence of gastrointestinal cancers was found in workers exposed to lead and employed before 1970. The lead cohort also showed an increased mortality from ischaemic heart diseases. These risk estimates did not show a dose-response pattern and were not associated with latency time. The results must also be interpreted with caution because of limited numbers, and lack of dietary and smoking data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.52.10.667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,17]],"date-time":"2008-12-17T00:14:48Z","timestamp":1229472888000},"page":"667-672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Mortality and cancer incidence among secondary lead smelter workers."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"L","family":"Gerhardsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Hagmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Rylander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Skerfving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00956266","article-title":"Durch chronische Bleivergiftung erzeugte Nierenadenome und-carcinome bei Ratten und ihre Beziehungen zu den entsprechenden Neubildungen des Menschen","volume":"323","author":"Zollinger, H.U.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Zollinger HU. 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Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis: physicochemical properties, kinetics and the active species. Environ Health Perspect 1991;95:157-89.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"139","article-title":"Occupational lead exposure, nephropathy, and renal cancer","volume":"1","author":"Baker, E.L.; Goyer, R.A.; Fowler, B.A.; Khettry, U.; Bernard, D.B.; Adler, S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baker EL, Goyer RA, Fowler BA, Khettry U, Bernard DB, Adler S, et al. Occupational lead exposure, nephropathy, and renal cancer. AmJInd Med 1980;1:139-48.","journal-title":"AmJInd Med"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700020309","article-title":"Long-term occupational lead exposure, chronic nephropathy, and renal cancer: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Lilis, R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lilis R. Long-term occupational lead exposure, chronic nephropathy, and renal cancer: a case report. Am Ind Med 1981;2:293-7.","journal-title":"Am Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1708","article-title":"Renal cell cancer and occupational exposure to chemical agents","volume":"17","author":"Partanen, T.; Heikkila, P.; Hemberg, S.; Kauppinen, T.; Moneta, G.; Ojajarvi, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Partanen T, Heikkila P, Hemberg S, Kauppinen T, Moneta G, Ojajarvi A. Renal cell cancer and occupational exposure to chemical agents. Scand Work Environ Health 1991;17:231-9.","journal-title":"Scand Work Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"99","article-title":"Neuropsychological test results and symptoms among workers with well-defined long-term exposure to lead","volume":"40","author":"Hogstedt, C.; Hane, M.; Agrell, A.; Bodin, L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hogstedt C, Hane M, Agrell A, Bodin L. 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Toxicol Lett 1989;46: 153-62.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.52.10.667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T13:48:33Z","timestamp":1716472113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.52.10.667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.52.10.667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.52.10.667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]}}}